{"entities":{"Q2640019":{"pageid":2650762,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2640019","lastrevid":79069598,"modified":"2026-05-06T13:04:39Z","type":"item","id":"Q2640019","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The normal form of a system, close to a Hamiltonian system"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4186093"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$42F77E61-173C-40E5-A0C5-09E002DF6E83","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"2c5c70e39df7adce69a24db149d722a226949be8","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The normal form of a system, close to a Hamiltonian system","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$A18489FE-DE1E-44F3-876C-622D4528C2F8","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"694f37cc3ef8e41843abf541c49fa36cb192b176","datavalue":{"value":"0719.34065","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$E33AD9EC-ED3C-4438-9EB0-F5A9FB217395","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"caf24a7ed5c609363bf161de434cea653bc881c7","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF01236294","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$F1F5275B-A7F7-4EAA-B874-DA0DFB4804D6","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"00de3e6b6cfff0576fe0e1d6bc63c05579d2cb43","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":173953,"id":"Q173953"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$1C755843-CD34-4D29-8C19-61D3DCF988EF","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"70d2fbf8bcd48a5ca1ac752985098b379d0dbb65","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1990-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$33E755FE-507C-43E5-9267-1DD1CCADC717","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"b2ac6d078ac4a85628f3fc87c29177018ff137d2","datavalue":{"value":"Consider the almost Hamiltonian system \\((1)\\quad \\dot x=H_ y+f(x,y,\\lambda),\\dot y=-H_ x+g(x,y,\\lambda),\\) where \\(\\lambda =(\\lambda_ 1,...,\\lambda_{\\ell})\\) is a small parameter and for \\(\\lambda =0\\to f=g=0\\), (1) admits a family of periodic solutions \\(H=h=const\\) of the period \\(\\Pi\\) (h). Using the local coordinates \\(\\rho\\),\\(\\phi\\) : \\(\\rho =H\\), \\(\\phi =\\omega t(mod 2\\pi)\\) on the cycle \\(H=h\\), where \\(\\omega =2\\pi /\\Pi\\) and \\(\\tau =\\omega t\\), then (1) yields: \\((2)\\quad d\\rho /d\\tau =A(\\rho,\\phi,\\lambda),\\) \\(d\\phi /d\\tau =1+B(\\rho,\\phi,\\lambda).\\) By the formal transformation of coordinates  \\[  (3)\\quad \\phi =\\sigma +\\Sigma^{(\\ell)}a_ p(\\sigma,\\psi)\\lambda^ p,\\quad \\phi =\\psi +\\Sigma^{(\\ell)}b_ p(\\sigma,\\psi)\\lambda^ p  \\]  (where \\(p=(p_ 1,...,p_{\\ell})\\) and \\(\\lambda^ p=\\lambda_ 1^{p_ 1}...\\lambda_{\\ell}^{p_{\\ell}})\\), we get the so-called normal system  \\[  (4)\\quad d\\sigma /d\\tau =\\Sigma^{(\\ell)}\\alpha_ p(\\sigma)\\lambda^ p,\\quad d\\psi /d\\tau =1+\\Sigma^{(\\ell)}\\beta_ p(\\sigma)\\lambda^ p.  \\]  Let A be the class \\(A=\\{\\sigma,\\psi,\\lambda:\\;\\Sigma^{(\\ell)}\\alpha_ p(\\sigma)\\lambda^ p=0\\}.\\) Then, for the differentiation of periodic solutions of the system that for \\(\\lambda\\to 0\\) are convergent to the cycle \\(H=h\\), it is necessary to find all the solutions of (4) in A, for \\(| \\lambda |\\) small and \\(\\sigma\\) in a neighbourhood of h. For the elucidation of the structure of A it is necessary to calculate the values of \\(\\alpha_ p\\) with \\(| p| =| p_ 1| +...+| p_{\\ell}|\\). The calculation of the coefficients is difficult. In the paper it is pointed out that, for the system (1) with linear perturbation in \\(\\lambda\\), the calculation of the coefficients \\(\\alpha_ p\\) can be reduced to the calculation of some coefficients \\(\\alpha_{(1,...,\\ell)}=^{(\\Delta)}v_ n\\) for different \\(\\ell =n\\), \\(n=1,2,... \\). The first variation \\(v_ 1\\) was calculated by Pontryagin. In the paper the author gives \\(v_ 2\\) and \\(v_ 3\\) and shows a way to obtain \\(v_ n\\) for arbitrary n.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$B09C5541-B273-47E5-84E5-3CC042872379","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"fb92ed73f2329b839b724bda45c0d0b4c5559f0d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":593755,"id":"Q593755"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$8E0024CA-3663-40B0-BE67-D0FB0FA9B6F3","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7368c4f87ad16dbd3815f408766874e97b32fd44","datavalue":{"value":"34C20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$FE159420-DFE8-4E29-A015-1B7DC8638DB5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6a257f095f44378ca7b473e42163109c57384d30","datavalue":{"value":"70H05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$C5BD1CDA-423C-450B-A50F-2E29FA14993B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"5e8991b7d6b5315ee7b1317790d9e4f388ef65f7","datavalue":{"value":"70K05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$62AD9BAF-BCF8-4199-BFA2-B8C9ADF67D5B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"690b02fdca76e58e898874b6bd8da38cf1c5d814","datavalue":{"value":"34C25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$0EA50E61-074C-4308-A46E-AE82FD9F52DC","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"c2486bc13028fd1071390d07e4de0bc59c14b949","datavalue":{"value":"4186093","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$04AEA423-D80E-4429-8541-3D6DF6F5E295","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ce344213e2249a938d46662d3f0bdddbbadfbadb","datavalue":{"value":"almost Hamiltonian system","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$896F0CB4-9DBF-436E-8133-BF99DE818A04","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0db906ab426d35b65be6f4161e7000382b814fae","datavalue":{"value":"periodic solutions","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$375B4569-BF37-4E41-9F0A-E7280A4AC56A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"1ae6cc52b35d03b83d5162d854c61cf5b039329e","datavalue":{"value":"cycle","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$722874D7-3F3E-4C9D-963D-3A1C17BD83CB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f9cfbf5e68cd503fc825e062efd9f0c20bc87a36","datavalue":{"value":"formal transformation of coordinates","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$2AFB2957-564E-484B-B914-2DB1B24F070A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"dcb956523a17e107e4a628d54a518628990f5558","datavalue":{"value":"normal system","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$E3AB0D40-A421-4D81-BB88-BFA63E3D6FEA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"8a9f9abecf5cea63a0b675b100ca401d0c679c06","datavalue":{"value":"variation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$E9739EEA-6A3D-47C1-879D-7514F790EDD0","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"591b6eb49bc08640804043aa599d1a8b7a755ed8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":274776,"id":"Q274776"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$2D6B466A-3434-43A2-959C-E6845F2F8D50","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$E0DCAC1C-4FDB-4855-B7A9-253BFBE4BAC3","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fbd29f25a50045b18d2e9071646381835982e047","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3961135,"id":"Q3961135"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$E57F68AB-920A-4CBC-831F-7E038013517E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b1e35a25afbda9452a285ecd66675098e527637b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3138309,"id":"Q3138309"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$7B43A505-5E0F-44AB-A110-9076A4B90FE9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0521242f2dce4ddf424df15efb7c2270572cec08","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3472414,"id":"Q3472414"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2640019$EDEC35C2-A969-4DE7-A9AD-DF4F9BECA15B","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"45f40826b77143fcbf69e558fc86ef99a131bae5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2206407,"id":"Q2206407"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f4f991afe303db94364e9b068aef7bfc73192a92","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.831250011920929","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2640019$EA66B26B-ED20-4C4D-B793-B94897250278","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d1bc3ccb1cb60893d6bf7c7d4032da09cca7c0e6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2217193,"id":"Q2217193"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"494d1e7facca143c8e8de66e45f793415f0d9fcc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7975829839706421","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2640019$22AD0E02-9D97-4A59-A6A1-5BF81F7F7498","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"689157ab583ad162da941fc8d3ce5712df75fb85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3121701,"id":"Q3121701"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"fd1fc69906ecb75cb9cf4d07afa9661882750fa7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7954758405685425","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2640019$C2F05ADF-1258-4BB7-B408-B3E98DB9D857","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f742ec734a3afc875ec083232c725460df1e82e2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4849853,"id":"Q4849853"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"910c8a2cbbebbd0d304b66c539a82fc3079b45b8","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7868696451187134","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2640019$6CD1F5DB-661C-45C6-99DA-EA774D2252E7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"103fe710a4b38e040009d173b54d4293b15e3903","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3678728,"id":"Q3678728"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ccc1da6bb838fa08a7ffb597f68204bb008ac850","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.786134660243988","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2640019$FF482F44-C35F-4381-A538-76FE17CD02B3","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"The normal form of a system, close to a Hamiltonian system","badges":[]}}}}}