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Schur} [Sitzungsber. Preu\u00df. Akad. Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl. 1933, No. 3-4, 145--151 (1933; Zbl 0006.24801)] defined the derivatives of a sequence \\(a_1, a_2, \\ldots\\) by  \\[ \\Delta a_m=(a_{m+1}-a_m)/p^{m+1}\\quad\\text{ and }\\quad \\Delta^r a_m= \\Delta(\\Delta^{r-1} a_m). \\]  He examined \\(a_m = a^{p^m}\\) and \\textit{M. Zorn} [Ann. Math. (2) 38, 451--464 (1937; Zbl 0016.34803)] the case \\(a_m=\\left(a^{(p-1)p^m}-1\\right)/p^{m+1}\\). The author considers also the case \\(a_m = a^{k p^m}\\). His most general result is:    If \\(p>2\\), \\(1\\leq r\\leq p\\), \\(m\\geq 0\\), \\(k\\geq 1\\), \\(q_m=\\left(a^{(p-1)p^m}-1\\right)/p^{m+1}\\), then  \\[ \\Delta^r a^{k p^m}\\equiv a^{k p^m} q^r_m k^r \\prod_{i=1}^r (p^i -1)/ r! (p-1)^r \\pmod {p^m}, \\]  if \\(r < p - 1\\), the congruence is valid mod \\(p^{m+1}\\). Therefore \\(\\Delta^r a^{k p^m}\\) is integral if \\(r=1,\\ldots, p-1\\). The proofs are elementary but require many calculations.   This theorem is extended to algebraic integers. The case \\(k = p - 1\\) is extended to prime ideals of arbitrary degree and for arbitrary \\(k\\) to prime ideals of first degree.    The author also introduces \\(\\Delta_p a_m = (a_{mp} - a_m)^{1+r}\\) where \\(r\\) designs the number of factors \\(p\\) of \\(m\\). It is proved if \\((a, k) =1\\), \\(k = p_1^{\\varepsilon_1}\\cdots p_s^{\\varepsilon_s}\\) and \\(r_i < p_i\\), that \\(\\Delta_{p_1}^{r_1}\\cdots \\Delta_{p_s}^{r_s}a^k\\) is integral for all \\(k>1\\).   Finally, the main result is applied to polynomials especially to Euler and Bernoulli polynomials for integral (mod \\(p\\)) values of the 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