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The author establishes a clear distinction between the dynamics of noise amplifiers corresponding to convective instability, and extrinsic dynamics of flow oscillators corresponding to absolute instability. The next sections give a theoretical description of the resulting self-sustained time-periodic states in terms of global modes, i.e. extended wavepackets. The paper also contains the derivation of a local nonlinear dispersion relation from which nonlinear global modes can be constructed.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEContents: 1. Introduction, 2. Open shear flows: amplifiers versus oscillators; 3. Absolute and convective instabilities in parallel flows; 4. Global instability analyses; 5. Absolute/convective and local/global instabilities in nonlinear systems; 6. 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