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An element \\(a \\in {\\mathcal A}\\) is considered as a non-commutative random variable and \\(\\varphi(a)\\) is called the expectation of \\(a\\). \\(({\\mathcal A}, \\varphi)\\) is said to be tracial if \\(\\varphi\\) has the trace property : \\(\\varphi(ab)\\) \\(=\\) \\(\\varphi(ba)\\) for every \\(a, b\\) \\(\\in\\) \\({\\mathcal A}\\). The expectations of words made with \\(a\\) and \\(a^*\\) is called \\(*\\)-moments of \\(a\\). If \\(({\\mathcal A}, \\varphi)\\) and \\(({\\mathcal B}, \\psi)\\) are \\(*\\)-probability spaces, two elements \\(a \\in {\\mathcal A}\\), \\(b \\in {\\mathcal B}\\) are identically \\(*\\)-distributed if their \\(*\\)-moments coincide : \\(\\varphi( a^{s_1}\\) \\(\\cdots\\) \\(a^{s_n})\\) \\(=\\) \\(\\psi( b^{s_1}\\) \\(\\cdots\\) \\(b^{s_n})\\) for every \\(n \\geq 1\\) and \\(s_1, \\dots, s_n\\) \\(\\in\\) \\(\\{ 1, * \\}\\). Roughly speaking, the name \\(R\\)-diagonal refers to elements which have a factorization of the form : \\(a = u p\\) \\(( u, p\\) \\(\\in\\) \\({\\mathcal A})\\) where \\(u\\) is a unitary such that \\(\\varphi( u^n)\\) \\(=0\\) for every \\(n \\geq 1\\), and the sets \\(\\{ u, u^* \\}\\) and \\(\\{ p, p^* \\}\\) are free in the sense of \\textit{D. V. Voiculescu, K. J. Dykema} and \\textit{A. Nica} [Free Random Variables, CRM monograph Series 1, Am. Math. Soc., Providence (1992; Zbl 0795.46049)]. The concept of \\(R\\)-diagonal element was introduced in \\textit{A. Nica} and \\textit{R. Speicher} [Fields Inst. Commun. 12, 149-188 (1997; Zbl 0889.46053)] in connection with applications to several problems in free probability. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIn this paper the authors describe a new approach to \\(R\\)-diagonality, relying on freeness with amalgamation. The class of \\(R\\)-diagonal elements is enlarged to contain examples living in non-tracial \\(*\\)-probability spaces, such as the generalized circular elements of \\textit{D. Shlyakhtenko} [Pac. J. Math. 177, No. 2, 329-368 (1997; Zbl 0882.46026)]. Let \\(M_2({\\mathcal A})\\) be the algebra of \\(2 \\times 2\\) matrices over \\({\\mathcal A}\\) and \\(D\\) is the unital subalgebra of \\(M_2( {\\mathbb C} I)\\) \\(\\subset\\) \\(M_2({\\mathcal A})\\) with NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE D : = \\left\\{ \\left(\\begin{matrix}\\alpha I & 0 \\\\ 0 & \\lambda I \\end{matrix}\\right) \\Biggl|\\alpha, \\lambda \\in {\\mathbb C} \\right\\}, \\quad M_2( {\\mathbb C} I) := \\left\\{\\left(\\begin{matrix}\\alpha I & \\beta I \\\\ \\gamma I & \\lambda I \\end{matrix}\\right) \\Biggl|\\alpha, \\beta, \\gamma, \\lambda \\in {\\mathbb C} \\right\\}. NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE The main theorem asserts: the following five conditions on \\(a \\in {\\mathcal A}\\) are equivalent. The element \\(a\\) is said to be \\(R\\)-diagonal if it satisfies one (hence all) of these conditions.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE\\(1^{\\circ}\\) (Condition on \\(*\\)-moments) \\( \\varphi( P_{ i_1 i_2 ; k_1} (a) P_{i_2 i_3; k_2}(a) \\cdots P_{i_n i_{n+1} ; k_n }(a)) = 0 \\) for every \\(n \\geq 1\\), \\(i_1, \\dots, i_{n+1} \\in \\{ 1,2 \\}\\) and \\(k_1, \\dots, k_n\\) \\(\\geq 1\\), where \\(P_{ij ; k}(a)\\) \\(\\in\\) \\({\\mathcal A}\\) with NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE P_{1 1 ; k }(a) = a^* (a a^*)^{k-1}, \\quad P_{1 2; k}(a) = ( a^* a)^k - \\varphi( (a^* a)^k) I, NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE P_{2 1 ; k}(a) = ( a a^*)^k - \\varphi( (a a^*)^k) I, \\quad \\text{and} \\quad P_{2 2 ; k}(a) = a ( a^* a)^{k-1}. NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE \\(2^{\\circ}\\) (Sufficient invariance condition) There exist an enlargement \\(( \\widetilde{{\\mathcal A}}, \\widetilde{\\varphi})\\) of \\(( {\\mathcal A}, \\varphi)\\) and a unitary \\(u \\in \\widetilde{{\\mathcal A}}\\) such that (i) \\(\\{ u, u^* \\}\\) is free from \\(\\{ a, a^* \\}\\) ; (ii) \\(\\widetilde{\\varphi}(u) =0\\) ; (iii) \\(a\\) and \\(ua\\) are identically \\(*\\)-distributed. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE\\(3^{\\circ}\\) (Necessary invariance condition) For every enlargement \\(( \\widetilde{{\\mathcal A}}, \\widetilde{\\varphi})\\) of \\(( {\\mathcal A}, \\varphi)\\) and every unitary \\(u \\in \\widetilde{{\\mathcal A}}\\) such that \\(\\{ u, u^* \\}\\) is free from \\(\\{ a, a^* \\}\\), one has that \\(a\\) and \\(ua\\) are identically \\(*\\)-distributed. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE\\(4^{\\circ}\\) (Condition on non-crossing cumulants) For the family NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE \\{ \\kappa_{ ( s_1, \\dots, s_n)} ( a, a^*) \\mid n \\geq 1, \\;s_1, \\dots, s_n \\in \\{ 1, * \\}\\} NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE of non-crossing cumulants of \\(a\\) and \\(a^*\\), we have \\(\\kappa_{( s_1, \\dots, s_n)}( a, a^*)\\) \\(=0\\) whenever \\(( s_1\\), \\(\\dots\\), \\(s_n)\\) is not of the form \\((1, *, 1, *\\), \\(\\dots\\), \\(1, *)\\) or \\((*, 1, *, 1\\), \\(\\dots\\), \\(*, 1)\\). NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE\\(5^{\\circ}\\) (Condition using freeness with amalgamation) Consider the conditional expectation \\(E\\) : \\(M_2({\\mathcal A})\\) \\(\\rightarrow\\) \\(D\\) given by the formula : NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE E \\left( \\left( \\begin{matrix} a & b \\\\ c& d \\end{matrix} \\right) \\right) = \\left( \\begin{matrix}\\varphi(a) I & 0 \\\\ 0 & \\varphi(d) I\\end{matrix} \\right) NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE for \\(a, b, c, d\\) \\(\\in {\\mathcal A}\\). Then the matrix NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE A : = \\left( \\begin{matrix} 0 & a \\\\ a^* & 0 \\end{matrix} \\right) \\in M_2({\\mathcal A}) NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE is free from \\(M_2( {\\mathbb C} I)\\) with amalgamation over \\(D\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2715674$6D18CEDB-1BFE-4874-BA83-BE124863BFBD","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"017530053cdce0db1ed588563a178c9e95e3ac09","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":190604,"id":"Q190604"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2715674$E1B94D70-44FE-427A-980B-5F60567BEF06","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2715674","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2715674"}}}}}