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[Math. Z. 66, 121-128 (1956; Zbl 0071.11503)] \\textit{I. Vidav} noticed that a bounded linear operator \\(T\\) on a Hilbert space is self-adjoint if \\(\\|e^{itT}\\|= 1\\) for all \\(t\\in \\mathbb{R}\\). Thus the algebraic property \\(T^*= T\\) is determined by the norm. This suggested that a ``self-adjointness'' concept could be introduced into an arbitrary unital Banach algebra \\(A\\): Call \\(h\\in A\\) Hermitian if \\(\\|e^{ith}\\|= 1\\) for all \\(t\\in \\mathbb{R}\\). This has proved a fruitful idea, and Hermitian \\(h\\) share many properties with self-adjoint operators \\(T\\); for example, the spectrum is real and the norm coincides with the spectral radius. However, some properties are lost: \\(h\\) may be Hermitian and \\(h^2\\) not.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThis paper investigates what powers of Hermitian elements are necessarily Hermitian, independently of the specific algebra \\(A\\). More precisely, for non-void \\(\\mathbb{S}\\subset \\mathbb{N}\\) let \\(\\widehat{\\mathbb{S}}\\) denote the set of \\(n\\in\\mathbb{N}\\) such that \\(h^n\\) is Hermitian for every unital Banach algebra \\(A\\) and every \\(h\\in A\\) with \\(h^k\\) Hermitian for all \\(k\\in\\mathbb{S}\\). Of special interest are sets \\(\\mathbb{S}\\) with \\(\\widehat{\\mathbb{S}}=\\mathbb{N}\\) or \\(\\widehat{\\mathbb{S}}= \\mathbb{S}\\). In the first direction a beautiful M\u00fcntz-type theorem is proved: If \\(1\\in \\mathbb{S}\\) and \\(\\sum\\{1/n: n\\in \\mathbb{S}\\cap 2\\mathbb{N}\\}=\\infty\\), then \\(\\widehat{\\mathbb{S}}\\supset 2\\mathbb{N}\\), with an analogous result about \\(2\\mathbb{N}-1\\). The proof is based on a \\(C^1[-1,1]\\)-functional calculus for Hermitian \\(h\\) in the unit ball of \\(A\\), whose proof in turn makes elegant use of the Paley-Wiener theorem. A consequence is that if \\(h^n\\) is Hermitian for all \\(n\\) in an arithmetic progression containing some evens and some odds, then \\(h^n\\) is Hermitian for all \\(n\\in\\mathbb{N}\\). On the other hand, if \\(\\mathbb{S}:= 2\\mathbb{N}-1\\) or \\(\\mathbb{S}= m\\mathbb{N}\\) with integer \\(m\\geq 2\\), then \\(\\widehat{\\mathbb{S}}= \\mathbb{S}\\). It is harder to prove that \\(\\mathbb{S}:= \\{1\\}\\cup 2\\mathbb{N}\\) satisfies \\(\\widehat{\\mathbb{S}}= \\mathbb{S}\\); in fact, two different examples of an \\(h\\) with \\(h^n\\) Hermitian iff \\(n\\in \\{1\\}\\cup 2\\mathbb{N}\\) are constructed. For finite \\(\\mathbb{S}\\) and \\(\\mathbb{N}:= 1+|\\mathbb{S}|\\) there is a norm \\(\\|\\cdot\\|\\) on \\(\\mathbb{C}^{2N+1}\\) and an operator \\(T\\) such that in the algebra of operators on \\(\\mathbb{C}^{2N+1}\\) which \\(T\\) generates, with the operator norm determined by \\(\\|\\cdot\\|\\), the Hermitian elements coincide with the real linear span of \\(T^m\\), \\(m\\in \\{0\\}\\cup \\mathbb{S}\\), and only these powers of \\(T\\) are present. In particular, \\(\\widehat{\\mathbb{S}}= \\mathbb{S}\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEGiven unital Banach algebra \\(A\\) and \\(h\\in A\\), which powers of \\(h\\) are Hermitian depends on just two things: the subalgebra \\(\\mathbb{C}[h]\\) of complex polynomials in \\(h\\), and the norm in \\(A\\); and we may assume that the norm of \\(h\\) is not greater than 1. For a given \\(\\mathbb{S}\\subset \\mathbb{N}\\) we are therefore led to consider all possible algebra semi-norms in \\(\\mathbb{C}[h]\\) that satisfy \\(|h|\\leq 1\\) and make \\(h^n\\) Hermitian for every \\(n\\in\\mathbb{S}\\). The supremum of these is another one, a norm \\(\\|\\cdot\\|\\). The \\(\\|\\cdot\\|\\)-completion of \\(\\mathbb{C}[h]\\) is denoted \\(\\text{Ea}(\\mathbb{S})\\). It is a unital Banach algebra in which \\(h^n\\) is Hermitian iff \\(n\\in\\mathbb{S}\\). In the second half of the paper for various \\(\\mathbb{S}\\) the (extremal) algebra \\(\\text{Ea}(\\mathbb{S})\\) is described in ways that do not explicitly involve the generator \\(h\\). It is from this study that we learn that \\(\\widehat{\\mathbb{S}}= \\mathbb{S}\\) whenever \\(\\mathbb{S}= m\\mathbb{N}\\), and get as well a second proof that the equality holds for every finite \\(\\mathbb{S}\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2717583$E13D7F74-684C-4E7B-A7A4-654192C6CA3B","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"7959de4f4322529c730f8f88cf629b44ffed5769","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":594328,"id":"Q594328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2717583$C485FFB6-4DEC-462B-B7CB-8AA8882CC3E1","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fe3e08f5f364c25f239c66f26376f9b1c3c879f0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5890198,"id":"Q5890198"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"339a9ee74536e6f4956b46866ca217ea54a17390","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8344180583953857","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2717583$769C32C5-A34D-4B28-898C-0EDC1A7407AC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7ce28fe9c91e350b21d1be517a1c286c5b6ac32d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":946804,"id":"Q946804"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c860359187cffa9d9d7f179f01e5cbde4f2843fa","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.834258496761322","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2717583$7AA0C3DC-870B-4547-98DD-EE833620A5BA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"55ad0ead77e5f725496b9df0e3f1cb70a788ca40","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3407094,"id":"Q3407094"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"25e279b945cb1eb906794086bc12d6629cd7d21e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8338595032691956","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2717583$F3222B68-6335-4020-ABDE-747FAB99C14D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"036db733b431e99352f035354023051159f0ce76","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3752928,"id":"Q3752928"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f9e5685cdfc8b62eec5bf25120fa1f27ff9535ed","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8266614079475403","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2717583$A50F3948-B9E2-47C3-850D-D7D4129642A2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a518816d18ade49de0dd8e167687a0f668a24050","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4551979,"id":"Q4551979"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2c87b36ff5ad5f56bfb084c6b626c72ec10ac1c6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8188760280609131","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2717583$46A2EC78-C128-4FAB-A1B4-0CEBB1D55B6D","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2717583","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2717583"}}}}}