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set of positive integers \\(\\{a_1, \\dots , a_m\\}\\) is called a Diophantine \\(m\\)-tuple if \\(a_ia_j + 1\\) is a square for every \\(1 \\leq i < j \\leq m\\). The aim of the present paper is the examination of the generalizations of this classical concept. The first set of theorems deals with the size of sets \\({\\mathcal A, \\mathcal B} \\subseteq \\{1, \\dots , N\\}\\) such that \\(ab + 1\\) is a \\(k\\)-th power for every \\(a \\in {\\mathcal A}, b \\in {\\mathcal B}\\). For \\(k=2\\) it is proved that \\(\\min\\{|{\\mathcal A}|,|{\\mathcal B}|\\} \\leq \\log N / \\log 2\\). This result is nearly best possible, as the following example of the paper shows. Let \\({\\mathcal A}=\\{1,2\\}\\) for the moment. Then there exists \\({\\mathcal B}\\) such that \\(ab + 1\\) is a square for every \\(a \\in {\\mathcal A}, b \\in {\\mathcal B}\\) and \\(|{\\mathcal B}|\\geq \\log N / \\log 36\\). Remark that \\textit{A. Dujella} [J. Number Theory 89, No. 1, 126-150 (2001; Zbl 1010.11019)] recently proved that there exists no Diophantine 9-tuple. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe second set of results concern the analogous problem for prime fields. In the sequel, \\(p\\) denotes a prime. In contrast to the classical case, there exist large Diophantine sets in \\(\\mathbb{Z}_p\\). Assuming \\(p\\) is large enough, the author proves the existence of \\({\\mathcal A} \\subseteq\\mathbb{Z}_p\\) of size at least \\(\\log p / 6\\log 3\\) and such that \\(aa' + 1\\) is a square for every \\(a, a' \\in {\\mathcal A}\\). On the other hand she shows that if \\({\\mathcal A, B} \\subseteq \\{1, \\dots , p-1\\}\\) such that \\(ab + 1\\) is a quadratic residue or 0 modulo \\(p\\) for every \\(a \\in {\\mathcal A}, b \\in {\\mathcal B}\\) then \\(|{\\mathcal A}||{\\mathcal B}|\\leq (\\sqrt{p} + 1)^2\\). NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe final results concern analogous problems if \\(ab + 1\\) as well as if \\(a+b\\) is a \\(k\\)-th power residue, \\(\\gcd(k,p-1)>1\\), modulo \\(p\\) for every \\(a \\in {\\mathcal A}, b \\in {\\mathcal B}\\). NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChanging the point of view, the problem is considered as to the solvability of the congruence \\(ab \\equiv x^k - 1 \\pmod{p}\\) as well as \\(a + b \\equiv x^k - 1 \\pmod{p}\\). NEWLINENEWLINEThe last theorem deals with the generalization for suitable polynomials \\(h(x)\\in\\mathbb{Z}_p[x]\\) of degree \\(n>p\\). Let \\({\\mathcal A, \\mathcal B} \\subseteq \\{1, \\dots , p-1\\}\\) such that \\(|{\\mathcal A}||{\\mathcal B}|\\geq p((p-1)(n-1)/(p-n))^2\\). Assume for any \\(d\\mid p-1, d>1\\) that \\(h(x)\\) is not a constant multiple of a \\(d\\)-th power, then there exist \\(a \\in {\\mathcal A}, b \\in {\\mathcal B}\\) such that the congruences \\(ab \\equiv h(x) \\pmod{p}\\) as well as \\(a + b \\equiv h(x) \\pmod{p}\\) are solvable. 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