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In brief, set \\(\\omega_h=(\\omega+P_h)/Q_h\\) and recall that a typical line in the periodic continued fraction expansion of \\(\\omega=\\sqrt D\\) (\\(D\\) positive and not a square) is of the shape \\(\\omega_h=a_h-\\overline\\rho_h\\), with \\(\\rho_h=(\\omega+P_{h+1})/Q_h\\), and that the tableaux of these lines is order reversed by conjugation, here denoted by the overline, since that yields a typical line \\(\\rho_h=a_h-\\overline\\omega_h\\); here we have rewritten line zero as \\(\\omega+a_0=2a_0-(\\overline\\omega+a_0)\\). The integer sequences \\((P_h)\\) and \\((Q_h)\\) are thus given by \\(P_h+P_{h+1}=aQ_h\\) and \\(Q_hQ_{h+1}=D-P_{h+1}^2\\). Plainly, both \\(\\omega_h>1\\), since \\(\\omega_h\\) is a complete quotient, and \\(-1< \\overline\\rho_h<0\\), since \\(-\\overline\\rho_h\\) is a remainder. The symmetry provided by conjugation implies that the expansion of \\(\\omega+a_0\\) is pure periodic, that a period of even length \\(r=2m\\) has \\(P_m=P_{m+1}\\), and that one of odd length \\(r=2m+1\\) has \\(Q_m=Q_{m+1}\\). Finally, if \\([a_0,a_1,\\ldots,a_h]=x_h/y_h\\) denotes the convergents then \\(x_h^2-Dy_h^2=(-1)^{h+1}Q_{h+1}\\). NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEExercise 1 remarks that if \\(D\\equiv 3\\pmod 4\\) and is prime then the central partial quotient \\(a_m\\) is very large. Here the period length is even and then \\(Q_m\\bigm |2P_m\\) with \\(Q\\bigm |(D-P_m^2)\\) entails \\(Q_m=2\\). It follows from the inequalities cited above that \\(P_m\\) is the largest odd integer less than \\(\\sqrt D\\), and \\(a_m=P_m\\). NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEExercise 3 considers \\(D=a^2+b^2\\), \\(D\\) prime, and asks one to show there is a solution in integers \\(x\\) and \\(y\\) to \\(a=x^2-Dy^2\\). Then the period length is odd so \\(D=P_{m+1}^2+Q_m^2\\), for example, \\(61=6^2+5^2\\). However, contrary to the author, the ideal \\(6\\mathbb Z+(\\sqrt{61}+5)\\mathbb Z\\) of the order \\(\\mathbb Z[\\sqrt{61}]\\) is not principal and there are no integers \\(x\\), \\(y\\) so that \\(\\pm 6=x^2-61y^2\\). It is of course true that there is always a solution both to \\(x^2-Dy^2=(-1)^hQ_h\\), and to \\(x^2-Dy^2=(-1)^{r-h}Q_{r-h}=(-1)^{h+1}Q_h\\). But what was Kap's question? NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEExercise 2, not strictly an FRE, asks about the parity of \\(x_{r-1}\\) in the smallest solution to \\(x_{r-1}^2-Dy_{r-1}^2=1\\), with \\(D=RS\\), where \\(R>S>1\\), and say given information on those \\(V\\) for which \\(RX^2-SY^2=\\pm V\\) has a solution in integers \\(X\\), \\(Y\\). This scenario is the subject of a note of \\textit{P. G. Walsh} and the reviewer [Am. Math. Mon. 106, 52-56 (1999; Zbl 0985.11004)]. Its remarks show that if \\(V=1\\) is admissible then the primitive period length \\(r=2m\\) of the expansion of \\(\\sqrt D\\) is even and \\(x_{m-1}^2-Dy_{m-1}^2=(-1)^m S\\). That readily yields \\(y_{r-1}=2x_{m-1}y_{m-1}/S\\). Thus with \\(R\\) and \\(S\\) odd primes, solvability of \\(RX^2-SY^2=\\pm 1\\) entails \\(y_{r-1}\\) is even and \\(x_{r-1}\\) is odd. Just so, \\(x_{m-1}y_{m-1}/S\\) is odd and \\(x_{r-1}\\) is even if \\(RX^2-SY^2=\\pm 2\\) has a solution. The author contrives conditions on \\(R\\) and \\(S\\) exemplified by \\(S=3\\), \\(R=73\\) so the prime \\(S\\equiv 3\\pmod 4\\) is a square but is not a fourth power modulo the prime \\(R\\equiv 1\\pmod 8\\). Then \\(73\\cdot 1^2-3\\cdot 5^2=-2\\) entails \\(x_{r-1}\\) must be even.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2746254$11075203-EC3A-4FF7-B86C-084353D37223","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2026c2b9e8cadbff68f0109b201a87b3cefd4703","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3505097,"id":"Q3505097"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1b02d9a08c5e165addcc770ef3dfaffba05f19a0","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7824755311012268","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2746254$A9BBA0AD-E3B5-4446-B500-F35A42FB85DB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1876857db77b8f1848b35a092513e2a2c5430a17","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":611959,"id":"Q611959"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"39f031fb31a0ebb12e20c55b6b4e3deab7e3d6d2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7531285881996155","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2746254$ECC67888-2825-4371-A7F7-91F2D7438D58","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4e34404d1674d5173b8ddec7a2d1362982978fb8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5427366,"id":"Q5427366"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c32f0935bb3b42a274a9d6d023208574469de72c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7519820928573608","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2746254$6207127A-2CCC-4482-92F6-8795E0BA1974","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"548ca002163502f06e151e965d1194a908aa9cce","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3982614,"id":"Q3982614"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bbce795e7cf603ba040ee491b59efaef265744c4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7504132986068726","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2746254$60B547CD-AFFC-4159-8C4A-FC9699BAC189","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"af794001cccfa73dd0a995f805cfb75b1f52ba07","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3589232,"id":"Q3589232"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"eb6f997e4a3b0f9edba657a5dae4d035884bafc9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7468398213386536","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2746254$575CEC64-8598-4874-9EA1-EE9606779730","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Proof of some conjectures by Kaplansky","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Proof_of_some_conjectures_by_Kaplansky"}}}}}