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(scalar) function NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE\\Delta_M(x, y):= d(y, M(x))= \\inf\\{\\|y- z\\|\\mid z\\in M(x)\\}.NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE Essential tools are special cone approximations of sets (the contingent cone \\(K(S; x)\\) and the Clarke tangent cone \\(T(S; x)\\)), the associated directional derivatives for scalar functions (the lower Hadamard directional derivative \\(f^H(x; h)\\) and the generalized Rockafellar directional derivative \\(f^{\\uparrow}(x; h)\\)) and especially some associated directional derivatives for set-valued mappings. For this, the author introduces the so-called \\(K\\)-derivative \\(D_KM((x,y); h)\\) and the \\(T\\)-derivative \\(D_TM((x, y);h)\\) of the mapping \\(M\\) at the point \\((x,y)\\in \\text{gph }M\\) according to NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE\\begin{aligned} \\text{gph }D_KM((x, y);\\cdot) &= K(\\text{gph }M; (x,y)),\\\\ \\text{gph }D_T M((x, y(;\\cdot) &= T(\\text{gph }M; (x,y)).\\end{aligned}NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE Now, he is able to give some interesting relationships between the directional derivatives of the scalar functions \\(\\Delta_M\\) and \\(\\Delta_{M_r}\\) (using the \\(r\\)-enlargement \\(M_r(x):= \\{y\\in F\\mid\\Delta_M(x, y)\\leq r\\}\\) of the mapping \\(M\\)) and the distance functions to the images of the introduced set-valued derivatives of \\(M\\). In the same manner, he gives a description of the cone approximations to the sets \\(\\text{gph }M\\) and \\(\\text{gph }M_r\\) in terms (as level sets) of the directional derivatives of \\(\\Delta_M\\) and \\(\\Delta_{M_r}\\), respectively.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEAt the end of the paper, the given results are used for the study of the calmness property of a general perturbed optimization problem with a constraint by a set-valued 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