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changes in \\(\\pi_{q,a}(x) - \\pi_{q,b}(x)\\)","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2773293$1E2C7FD2-3ED3-4543-B50C-4CFF85022016","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"46172939bca0af8236e68d183e5a9dff21811891","datavalue":{"value":"An unconditional upper bound for the first sign change of \\(\\text{li}(x)-\\pi(x)\\) was first obtained by \\textit{S.~Skewes} [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 5, 48-70 (1955; Zbl 0068.26802)]. Later \\textit{R. S. Lehman} [Acta Arith. 11, 397-410 (1966; Zbl 0151.04101)] developed a method based on an explicit formula for the expression concerned averaged over a Gaussian kernel, and knowledge of zeros of \\(\\zeta(s)\\) in \\(|\\text{Im} s|\\leq 12000\\), in order to drastically improve on the enormous `Skewes' number. More recently \\textit{C. Bays} and the second author [Math. Comput. 69, 1285-1296 (2000; Zbl 1042.11001)] further reduced this upper bound to \\(1.39822{\\cdot}10^{316}\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe authors generalise Lehman's method and apply computations of the zeros of \\(L\\)-functions in order to study `Chebyshev's bias', the phenomenon that negative values of \\(\\Delta_{q,b,1}(x)=\\pi_{q,b}(x)-\\pi_{q,1}(x)\\), where \\(\\pi_{q,a}(x)\\) counts the primes \\(p\\leq x\\) in the arithmetic progression \\(nq+a\\), may be relatively infrequent if \\(b\\) is a quadratic nonresidue of~\\(q\\). The bias seems particularly pronounced when \\(q|24\\); for example, \\textit{C. Bays} and the second author [Math. Comput. 32, 571-576 (1978; Zbl 0388.10003)] showed that the smallest \\(x\\) with \\(\\Delta_{3,2,1}(x)<0\\) is \\(x=608981813029\\), and it is reported that exhaustive computational search shows that \\(\\Delta_{24,b,1}(x)\\geq 0\\) for \\(x\\leq 10^{12}\\) and \\(b=5,7,11,17,19,23\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe following results are consequences of the main theorem, which is too lengthy to be quoted here.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE(i) For each \\(b\\in\\{3,5,7\\}\\), there is some \\(x<5{\\cdot}10^{19}\\) such that \\(\\Delta_{8,b,1}(x)<0\\);NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE(ii) For each \\(b\\in\\{5,7,11\\}\\), there is some \\(x<10^{84}\\) such that \\(\\Delta_{12,b,1}(x)<0\\);NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE(iii) For each \\(b\\in\\{5,7,11,13,17,19,23\\}\\), there is some \\(x<10^{353}\\) such that \\(\\Delta_{24,b,1}(x)<0\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEMoreover, if the zeros of \\(L(s,\\chi_4)\\) lying in the critical strip to height 630000 all have real part equal to \\({1\\over 2}\\), then \\(\\pi_{4,1}(x)-\\pi_{4,3}(x)>\\sqrt x/\\log x\\) for some \\(x\\) in the vicinity of \\(\\exp(78683.7)\\). 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