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paper deals with two major theorems: the Bertini-Noether reduction theorem and Hilbert irreducibility theorem. The main tools are the Grothendieck good reduction criterion in a polynomial context and the introduction of ``\\textit{bad primes}''. Let \\(A\\) be an integral domain. The object of this paper is the irreducibility of polynomials obtained by reduction or specialization from a polynomial \\(P\\in A[T,Y]\\) assumed to be irreducible over the algebraic closure of the field of fractions \\(k\\) of \\(A\\). The author introduces the ``\\textit{bad prime divisor}'' of \\(P\\) that somewhat unifies both, the reduction and the specialization questions.NEWLINENEWLINEThe main result isNEWLINENEWLINENEWLINETheorem 3.1: Let \\(k\\) be a number field. There exist integers \\(N, B, C\\) and a finite extension \\(L/{\\mathbb Q}\\) such that the following holds: If \\(p_1,\\ldots,p_N\\) are distinct rational primes such that \\(p_i\\nmid B\\), \\(p_i\\geq C\\) and \\(p_i\\) decomposes fully in \\(L/{\\mathbb Q}\\), then for any multiple \\(a\\in {\\mathbb Z}\\) of \\(p_1\\cdots p_N\\), there exists \\(b\\in{\\mathbb N}\\) such that the polynomial \\(P(am+b,Y)\\) is irreducible in \\(k[Y]\\) for all \\(m\\in{\\mathbb Z}\\). Furthermore, \\(N,B,C\\) and \\(L\\) can be given explicitly.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThis is presented in Section 3.NEWLINENEWLINEThe new tool, the bad prime divisor of \\(P\\), is a non-zero parameter \\({\\mathcal B}_P\\in A\\) obtained from the coefficients of \\(P\\) through elementary operations, starting with the discriminant \\(\\Delta_P\\in A[T]\\) of \\(P\\) relative to \\(Y\\).NEWLINENEWLINEWhen \\(A\\) is a Dedekind domain of characteristic \\(0\\), the non-zero prime ideals \\({\\mathfrak p}\\) of \\(A\\) dividing \\({\\mathcal B}_P\\) are those for which some of the distinct roots of \\(\\Delta_P\\) become equal or infinite modulo \\({\\mathfrak p}\\). Such primes are called bad primes and the others are called good primes.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem 3.1 is an explicit polynomial version of Corollary 4.5 of [\\textit{P. D\u00e8bes} and \\textit{F. Legrand}, Adv. Stud. Pure Math. 63, 141--162 (2012; Zbl 1321.11114)]. It is a first application of the other main result:NEWLINENEWLINETheorem 2.6. This theorem establishes that if \\({\\mathfrak p}\\) is a good prime such that \\(\\deg_Y P!\\notin {\\mathfrak p}\\), then (a) \\({\\mathcal B}_{P\\bmod {\\mathfrak p}} ={\\mathcal B}_P\\bmod {\\mathfrak p}\\) and is non-zero in \\(A/{\\mathfrak p}\\); (b) the polynomial \\(P\\) modulo \\({\\mathfrak p}\\) is irreducible in \\(\\bar{\\kappa}_{\\mathfrak p} [T,Y]\\), where \\(\\kappa_{\\mathfrak p}\\) is the field of fractions of \\(A/{\\mathfrak p}\\) (``Bertini-Noether''); (c) if in addition \\({\\mathfrak p}\\) is of large norm and some other assumption holds, then each element of the Galois group \\({\\mathcal G}\\) of \\(P\\) over \\(\\bar{k}(T)\\) is the Frobenius at \\({\\mathfrak p}\\) of the splitting field of some specialization \\(P(t_0,Y)\\), \\(t_0\\in A\\) (``Chebotarev'').NEWLINENEWLINEThe proof of Theorem 2.6 is postponed to last 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