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and the abacus schools in Italy. Mathematical conceptual streams -- education and its changing relationship with society","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2825813$9EC5B743-2601-48F9-9273-93171D74EF8C","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"32c611b54ce68d5789ccfa146da59bedd65c64db","datavalue":{"value":"As revealed by its title, the purpose of the article is to illustrate the relationship between mathematics education and its societal circumstances -- in the actual case the development of commercial life in northern-to-central Italy and Flanders and the enhanced need for calculation that resulted. This is done by means of two (interrelated) case studies, one a presentation of Leonardo Fibonacci's work, the other the abbacus school institution as it developed in the later 13th century. As a step toward the reception of the Hindu-Arabic numerals, the so-called Gerbert abacus is presented (and here indeed ascribed to Gerbert). Even this 10th-century invention is explained (rather anachronistically) by the trade that developed in Flanders and northern France in the 11th century.NEWLINENEWLINEThe breadth of the topic invites to an exposition built mainly on secondary literature, at most illustrated by select quotations from sources, and that indeed corresponds to what the authors do. The range of secondary sources drawn upon is wide, and will be useful to anybody interested in the matters dealt with.NEWLINENEWLINEHowever, a number of problems have to be mentioned. I shall give examples only.NEWLINENEWLINENo single word is wasted on the 12th-century translation of al-Khwarizmi's treatise on the topic and the development of the algorism genre in the later 12th and the 13th centuries. Since many abbacus books are designated Algorism, and several quote the apt formulation from Sacrobosco's \\textit{Algorismus vulgaris} that zero does not mean anything but gives meaning to others, influence from this tradition should not be neglected when the roots of the abbacus teaching of Hindu-Arabic arithmetic is discussed; but the social root of this genre is the interest in astrology and astronomy of the proto-university and university environment, not commercial life. Moreover, algorisms were widely spread, some in the vernacular, while the earliest (and for long only) trace we have of knowledge of Fibonacci's \\textit{Liber abaci} is Jean de Mur's mid-14th-century \\textit{Quadripartitum numerorum}. To claim that Fibonacci was the one who made ``the positional system known in Europe'' (p. 135) is thus simply wrong. The assertion (same page) that Fibonacci had decided ``to write a book [\\dots] with Euclidean rigour'' certainly overstates what Fibonacci means when stating to do certain things magistraliter. To take the presentation of two numerical algorithms (for multiplication and square root extraction) as evidence of Fibonacci's ingenuity (p. 140) is also at least dubious, given that these algorithms were not his own invention but learned abroad.NEWLINENEWLINETo the reviewer it is certainly flattering to see his own works cited, generically lauded and even to some extent accepted. It is less pleasing to be misquoted, mis-cited and misunderstood. 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