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paper is about non-singular equivalence relations on a standard probability space \\((X,\\mu)\\), which by the Feldman-Moore theorem, always arise from some non-singular action of some countable group \\(\\Gamma\\) on \\((X,\\mu)\\) as the equivalence relation \\(\\mathcal R_\\Gamma\\) whose classes are the \\(\\Gamma\\)-orbits: NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE\\mathcal R_\\Gamma=\\{(x,y): \\exists\\gamma\\in\\Gamma, y=\\gamma\\cdot x\\}.NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE The author studies subequivalence relations of such equivalence relations, following the pioneering work of \\textit{J. Feldman} et al. [Ergodic Theory Dyn. Syst. 9, No. 2, 239--269 (1989; Zbl 0654.22003)].NEWLINENEWLINEThe basic examples of subequivalence relations come from subgroups: if \\(\\Lambda\\) is a subgroup of \\(\\Gamma\\) and \\(\\Gamma\\) acts on \\((X,\\mu)\\) by non-singular transformations, then \\(\\mathcal R_\\Lambda\\) is a subequivalence relation of \\(\\mathcal R_\\Gamma\\). Suppose that the \\(\\Gamma\\)-action is moreover free (no non-trivial element fixes a point), then we can enumerate nicely the \\(\\mathcal R_\\Lambda\\)-classes as follows: fix \\((\\gamma_i)_{i\\in I}\\) such that \\(\\Gamma=\\bigsqcup_{i\\in I}\\Lambda\\gamma_i\\), then for each \\(x\\in X\\) the \\(\\mathcal R_\\Gamma\\)-class decomposes as NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE\\Gamma\\cdot x=\\bigsqcup_{i\\in I}\\Lambda\\cdot (\\gamma_i\\cdot x).NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE One of the first results about subequivalence relations is that this is actually a general fact: by the above-mentioned work, if \\(\\mathcal R\\) is ergodic non-singular and \\(\\mathcal S\\) is a Borel subequivalence relation of \\(\\mathcal R\\) then there is some countable index set \\(I\\) and for each \\(i\\in I\\) a Borel map \\(\\varphi_i: X\\to X\\) such that for all \\(x\\in X\\) we have NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE[x]_{\\mathcal R}=\\bigsqcup_{i\\in I}[\\varphi_i(x)]_{\\mathcal S}.NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE The maps \\((\\varphi_i)_{i\\in I}\\) are called \\textit{choice functions} for \\(\\mathcal S\\).NEWLINENEWLINEReturning to the example where \\(\\Gamma\\) acts freely, \\(\\Lambda\\leq\\Gamma\\) and \\(\\Gamma=\\bigsqcup_{i\\in I}\\Lambda\\gamma_i\\), observe that when \\(\\Lambda\\) is normal the \\(\\gamma_i\\)'s have the further property that they are \\textit{endomorphism} of \\(\\mathcal S\\), i.e., for all \\(i\\in I\\) we have \\((x,y)\\in\\mathcal S\\) implies \\((\\gamma_i x,\\gamma_i y)\\in\\mathcal S\\).NEWLINENEWLINEThis motivates the general definition by Feldman, Sutherland and Zimmer of a normal subequivalence relation: a subrelation \\(\\mathcal S\\) of an ergodic equivalence relation \\(\\mathcal R\\) is \\textit{normal} if there are choice functions \\((\\varphi_i)_{i\\in I}\\) for \\(\\mathcal S\\) which are endomorphisms of \\(\\mathcal S\\).NEWLINENEWLINEOne can then construct the \\textit{quotient groupoid} \\(\\mathcal R/\\mathcal S\\) whose unit space is the space of ergodic components of \\(\\mathcal S\\). There is a natural groupoid morphism \\(\\mathcal R\\to \\mathcal R/\\mathcal S\\) whose kernel is \\(\\mathcal S\\). Conversely, we have the following result of the author, which removes some technical conditions from a similar result of Feldman, Sutherland and Zimmer.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem. Suppose that \\(\\mathcal R\\) is a non-singular ergodic equivalence relation. Then a subequivalence \\(\\mathcal S\\) of \\(\\mathcal R\\) is normal if and only if it arises as the kernel of a morphism \\(\\mathcal R\\to\\mathcal G\\) where \\(\\mathcal G\\) is a discrete Borel groupoid.NEWLINENEWLINEWhen \\(\\mathcal S\\) is ergodic, the quotient groupoid \\(\\mathcal R/\\mathcal S\\) is a countable group and if \\(\\mathcal R=\\mathcal R_\\Gamma\\) comes from a free \\(\\Gamma\\)-action, the groupoid morphism \\(\\mathcal R\\to\\mathcal R/\\mathcal S\\) induces a cocycle \\(X\\times \\Gamma\\to \\mathcal R/\\mathcal S\\). Using Popa's cocycle super-rigidity theorem, the author provides examples of ``simple'' equivalence relations.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem. There is a measure-preserving ergodic equivalence relation without proper normal ergodic equivalence subrelations and without proper finite index equivalence subrelations.NEWLINENEWLINEIn the opposite direction, the author provides examples of ``large'' equivalence relations.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem. Let \\(\\mathcal R\\) be an ergodic treeable measure-preserving equivalence relation which is not hyperfinite and admits a primitive ergodic proper subequivalence relation. Then \\(\\mathcal R\\) surjects onto every countable group.NEWLINENEWLINEAs noted by the author, a result announced by Tucker-Drob guarantees the existence of a primitive ergodic proper subequivalence under the other hypotheses of the theorem, so that every ergodic non-hyperfinite treeable measure-preserving equivalence relations surjects onto every countable 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