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a group \\(G\\), let \\(G^{(1,0)}=G\\), \\(G^{(n+1, 0)}=[G^{(n, 0)},G]\\), \\(n=1,2,\\dots\\) be the terms of its lower central series. Except this (classical) lower central filtration, two other filtrations are defined.NEWLINENEWLINEFor a prime \\(p\\), the lower \\(p\\)-central filtration for a group \\(G\\) is defined by \\(G^{(n, p)}=\\prod _{i=1}^n(G^{(i, 0)})^{p^{n-i}}\\), for \\(n=1,2,\\dots\\). Alternatively, it has the following inductive definition (see [\\textit{J. Neukirch} et al., Cohomology of number fields. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer (2008; Zbl 1136.11001)], Proposition 3.8.6): NEWLINE\\[NEWLINEG^{(1, p)}=G,\\quad G^{(n+1,p)}=(G^{(n,p)})^p[G^{(n, p)},G]\\text{ for }n\\geq 1.NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE For a prime \\(p\\), the \\(p\\)-Zassenhaus filtration is defined by \\(G_{(n,p)}=\\prod _{i=1}^n(G^{(i,0)})^{p^{[\\log_p(n/i]}}=\\prod _{ip^j\\geq n}(G^{(i,0)})^{p^j}\\), for \\(n=1,2,\\dots \\). By a result of \\textit{M. Lazard} [Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes \u00c9tud. Sci. 26, 389--603 (1965; Zbl 0139.02302), (3.14.5)], it has the following alternative inductive definition: NEWLINE\\[NEWLINEG_{(1,p)}=G,\\quad G_{(n,p)}=(G_{([n/p],p)})^p\\prod _{i+j=n}[G_{(i, p)},\\quad G_{(j,p)}]\\text{ for }n\\geq 2.NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE If \\(F=F(X)\\) is the free group on the finite basis \\(X\\), then there are alternative descriptions for the terms \\(F^{(n, 0)}\\) of the lower central filtration. {\\parindent=0.8cm \\begin{itemize}\\item[(I)] Let \\(\\mathbb Z\\langle\\langle X\\rangle\\rangle\\) be the ring of all formal power series over the set \\(X\\) of non-commuting variables and with coefficients in \\(\\mathbb Z\\). Let \\(\\Delta _{\\mathbb Z}\\) be the ideal in \\(\\mathbb Z\\langle\\langle X\\rangle\\rangle\\) generated by \\(X\\), and define the Magnus homomorphism \\(\\mu _{\\mathbb Z}:F\\longrightarrow\\mathbb Z\\langle\\langle X\\rangle\\rangle^\\times\\) by \\(\\mu _{\\mathbb Z}(x)=1+x\\) for \\(x\\in X\\). Then \\(F^{(n,0)}=\\mu_{\\mathbb Z}^{-1}(1+\\Delta _{\\mathbb Z}^n)\\). \\item[(II)] \\(F^{(n,0)}=F\\cap (1+C _{\\mathbb Z}^n)\\), where \\(C _{\\mathbb Z}\\) is the augmentation ideal in the group algebra \\(\\mathbb Z[F]\\).\\item[(III)] \\(F^{(n,0)}\\) is the intersection of all kernels of homomorphisms \\(F\\longrightarrow\\mathbb U_n(\\mathbb Z)\\), where \\(\\mathbb U_n(\\mathbb Z)\\) is the group of all upper-triangular unipotent \\(n\\times n\\) matrices over \\(\\mathbb Z\\). NEWLINENEWLINE\\end{itemize}} Analogous alternative descriptions for the other two filtrations for the free group \\(F=F(X)\\) have been developed (see the paper and the references therein).NEWLINENEWLINEHere, the authors develop a general frame work for studying such filtrations and prove structure theorems which contain most of the above-mentioned facts as special cases.NEWLINENEWLINEFor a given map \\(e:\\{(n,j)\\in\\mathbb Z^2\\mid 1\\leq i\\leq n\\}\\longrightarrow\\mathbb Z_{\\geq 0}\\), the authors consider the subgroups \\(\\prod _{i=1}^n(F^{(i,0)})^{e(n,i)}\\) of \\(F\\) and the ideals \\(\\Delta _{\\mathbb Z}^{(e,n)}=\\sum _{i=1}^n\\Delta^i_{\\mathbb Z}\\) of \\(\\mathbb{Z}\\langle\\langle X\\rangle\\rangle\\) and \\(C _{\\mathbb Z}^{(e,n)}=\\sum _{i=1}^nC ^i_{\\mathbb Z}\\) of \\(\\mathbb Z[F]\\). Under certain assumptions on \\(e\\) (Theorem 4.3 in the paper), they prove \\(\\prod _{i=1}^n(F^{(i,0)})^{e(n,i)}=\\mu^{-1}_{\\mathbb Z}(1+\\Delta_{\\mathbb Z}^{(e,n)})=F\\cap (1+C _{\\mathbb Z}^{(e,n)})\\). Also, it is proved (Theorem 5.3 in the paper) that the group \\(\\mu^{-1}_{\\mathbb Z}(1+\\Delta_{\\mathbb Z}^{(e,n)})\\) is the intersection of all the kernels of homomorphisms \\(F\\longrightarrow U_{d+1}(\\mathbb Z/e(n,d)\\mathbb Z)\\) with \\(1\\leq d\\leq n-1\\). These results generalize the above filtrations for the free group \\(F\\). In the following, the authors develop a general technique to construct a filtration which generalize the inductive definition of the lower central series \\(G^{(n,0)}\\) and the \\(p\\)-central series \\(G^{(n,p)}\\). Let \\(A=(a_i)_{i=1}^\\infty\\) be a sequence of non-negative integers, the \\(A\\)-filtration \\(G^{(n,A)}\\) of the group \\(G\\) is defined by \\(G^{(1,A)}=G\\), \\(G^{(n+1,A)}=(G^{(n,A)})^{a_n}[G^{(n,A)},G]\\) for \\(n\\geq 1\\).NEWLINENEWLINEIt is proved (Theorem 7.4) that \\(G^{(n,A)}=\\prod _{i=1}^n(G^{(i,0)})^{e(n,i)}\\), where \\(e(n,i)\\) is the gcd of all products of \\(n-i\\) elements from \\(a_1,\\dots,a_{n-1}\\) (and \\(e(n,n)=1\\)).NEWLINENEWLINEUsing this last result, the authors extend the above mentioned Lazard's description of \\(p\\)-Zassenhaus filtration in the case of a \\(p\\)-power (Theorem 8.3).NEWLINENEWLINEThe paper concludes with a consideration of these filtrations from a cohomological viewpoint and relate them to Massey products in \\(H^2\\) and compute the subgroup of \\(H^2(F/F^{(n,0)},\\mathbb Z)\\) generated by the \\(n\\)-fold Massey products corresponding to words in the alphabet 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