{"entities":{"Q2856491":{"pageid":2867211,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2856491","lastrevid":51854684,"modified":"2026-01-20T09:35:05Z","type":"item","id":"Q2856491","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"G\u00f6del, Einstein, Mach, Gamow, and Lanczos: G\u00f6del's remarkable excursion into cosmology"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6220604"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$2E4C7831-0F2E-4CA1-8E22-26A8E931F797","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"08ddba8f888e41b3b91701cf7d51b37ff2d94296","datavalue":{"value":"1282.01013","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$53BBA24A-AE43-47D1-9BF6-940063475628","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"13d892113b757c853e0bc4f886dd8886203ae619","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2013-10-29T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$B5B3D5B3-A686-47A2-98AF-B4E5CD4A5BDE","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"855dfff3c52593115343606bc2418a3b17e5a003","datavalue":{"value":"01A60","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$7153AE23-8B1C-481D-8B18-7D1817845F9C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"f3fdb3db364ec484f46a199833803a120a5a1a8e","datavalue":{"value":"83C15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$942F8D9E-A040-4070-B043-0614B7414361","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"0ee5d43805ca951b82fe016b0abb52da4b18b586","datavalue":{"value":"83F05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$C5C7F07B-F19C-42EC-A983-83C47C610BC0","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"c2f568586c49b9268d42615ef10e3386a8e79b0c","datavalue":{"value":"6220604","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$5F0F6D41-ABF7-4C7D-8E2D-45AD0D131749","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"8262b3333a8db846c7c31f9b893218046498a131","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1357829,"id":"Q1357829"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$C863913A-130E-4DB2-965F-3E269D860A2D","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$D8C65172-9EB1-4FC5-890B-248297EA7631","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"71548c37eb8000522ca1d55d73dd9d5469a19134","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"G\u00f6del, Einstein, Mach, Gamow, and Lanczos: G\u00f6del's remarkable excursion into cosmology","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$6B09EFF5-AD33-471C-A5DE-3BC5ED65F171","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"181dfa1cb6c1dfc269666e2a9c49962d73f6f313","datavalue":{"value":"This paper ``was written in the hope that it might serve a readership that may not necessarily be familiar with the details of Einstein's general relativity theory but that nevertheless may appreciate the gist of G\u00f6del's contribution to relativistic cosmology.'' Nevertheless, it contains all the technical details a specialist expects and, moreover, the author presents ``an elementary derivation of G\u00f6del's metric and of its geodesics.''NEWLINENEWLINEAfter a brief preliminary description of G\u00f6del's rotating cosmological model with its surprising and partly paradox properties, the author discusses grounds that brought this model into being. Based on G\u00f6del's 1949 contributions to the topic found in the Einstein Festschrift (as well as in the correspondence with the Festschrift editor and letters of G\u00f6del to his mother), in the Einstein issue of Reviews of Modern Physics and in the lectures on rotating universes held by G\u00f6del at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, G\u00f6del's philosophical and physical motives are discussed. It is shown that these motives were mainly founded in G\u00f6del's ``sympathy for Kant's philosophy of time'', which led him to criticize the time introduced in Friedman's cosmological models (containing the static Einstein cosmos as a special case) and in ``Gamov's note in Nature with its challenge to find a rotating universe consistent with general relativity.''NEWLINENEWLINEFollowing G\u00f6del's 1949 lecture, the author considers a Newtonian rotating (but not expanding) universe to prepare the relativistic G\u00f6del model, which is constructed in analogy to the Newtonian model. In contrast to G\u00f6del's derivation, the latter is done by using ``only standard results from the general theory of stationary space-times'' published by the author in 2006. Afterwards, light cones, time-like world lines, geodesics and the stability of the G\u00f6del model are discussed. In commenting G\u00f6del's work in this field, the author hints at its great meaning for extended investigations of rotating cosmological models later carried out by many cosmologists. Referring particularly to a later paper (1952) by G\u00f6del, the author comes to the conclusion that ``it is probably fair to say that G\u00f6del's 1952 paper was one of the main impulses for many of these extensions.'' -- In the epilogue, one finds a report on a model by Lanczos, who ``came so uncannily close to discovering G\u00f6del's universe exactly twenty-five years earlier.''NEWLINENEWLINEFor the entire collection see [Zbl 1253.00009].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$5F50511F-B1EE-42A5-90A7-A211F5E8F9C2","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"45bf4c54888c6a705ef3bd0ca910e89054167442","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":229171,"id":"Q229171"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2856491$33102BE2-AB95-4D9A-A88D-023944E56148","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"849f72b0603240df49ba6e086da279b546160ec4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4893134,"id":"Q4893134"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5a359ba692b5596c16bf707a0b27e879f8fc9979","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8275788426399231","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2856491$F5364D5A-36FB-4EA8-83AB-39306B86CBA9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"490f7b6189a3bcec1743ca176f38fc46cad40c11","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2947773,"id":"Q2947773"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"15631675e5d5e25a8b7b5459f519b4771ea25402","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7880819439888","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2856491$E504F153-1A46-4E26-AA20-6945C20FA773","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2ec1e8ca4d1a6471bd43c23d46f6f213bd67003b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4663515,"id":"Q4663515"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c7242f389244e8357735a2628e1216056870a4e9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7785183787345886","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2856491$A3F7DEFB-2D31-4A62-89C2-E1418D3537F4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"82fa6a55c75ba50a84eb60994c5b46e1540a4cd9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2760461,"id":"Q2760461"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c987eb912b76f39cff4b90df80afddcf5d3bcfdc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7776163220405579","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2856491$14469BA9-1492-43EF-9EFE-95AC222FCCBA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"669dd5582e9d69d619d5b62a19b05ee7a358446b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1356642,"id":"Q1356642"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"dbe4c91f9031d074817e4f845fa6b426e4f471a2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7746628522872925","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2856491$DBEA9F23-C34B-4C1A-85EE-FA9A35D1424F","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2856491","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2856491"}}}}}