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embedding of residually hyperbolic groups into direct products of extensions of centralizers.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2873305$4C429BC3-A86F-4F11-99EA-201A17313741","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"2b6b27c44b105c7aaecf3ca3ec764320df4ffc51","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(\\Gamma\\) be a group. A group \\(G\\) is said be fully residually \\(\\Gamma\\) if for every finite set of non-trivial elements \\(\\{g_1,g_2,\\ldots,g_n\\}\\) of \\(G\\) there exists a homomorphism \\(\\varphi\\colon G\\to\\Gamma\\) such that \\(\\varphi(g_i)\\neq 1\\) for \\(i=1,2,\\ldots,n\\). If this condition is only required to hold for \\(n=1\\), then the group is residually \\(\\Gamma\\).NEWLINENEWLINE Let \\(\\Gamma\\) be a group generated by the finite set \\(A\\) and \\(F(X)\\) be the free group on the finite set \\(X\\) of free generators. Let \\(\\Gamma[X]=\\Gamma*F(X)\\). A subset \\(S=S(X,A)\\) of \\(\\Gamma[X]\\) is a system of equations over \\(\\Gamma\\) and a solution of this system is a homomorphism \\(\\varphi\\) from \\(\\Gamma[X]\\) onto \\(\\Gamma\\) which is identical on \\(\\Gamma\\) and \\((s)\\varphi=1\\) for every \\(s\\in S\\). If \\(\\text{ncl}(S)\\) denotes the normal closure of \\(S\\) in \\(\\Gamma[X]\\), then every solution to the system \\(S\\) factors through the quotient \\(\\Gamma_S=\\Gamma[X]/\\text{ncl}(S)\\). The radical of \\(S\\) over \\(\\Gamma\\) is defined by \\(R_\\Gamma(S)=\\{t\\in\\Gamma[X]\\) such that if \\(\\varphi\\) is a solution of the system \\(S\\), then \\((t)\\varphi=1\\}\\). The radical is a normal subgroup and the quotient group \\(\\Gamma_{R_\\Gamma(S)}=\\Gamma[X]/R_\\Gamma(S)\\) is the coordinate group of \\(S\\) over \\(\\Gamma\\).NEWLINENEWLINE In this paper the authors, using equations over torsion free hyperbolic groups, study embeddings of residually hyperbolic groups into ``appropriate'' groups.NEWLINENEWLINE We quote some of their results which are used for the proof of their main result, but are interesting in their own.NEWLINENEWLINE Lemma 1. (Lemma 1.2) Let \\(S(X)\\) be a system of equations over a group \\(G\\). If \\(G_S\\) is residually \\(G\\), then \\(R_G(S)=\\text{nlc}(S)\\) and hence \\(G_{R(S)}=G_S\\).NEWLINENEWLINE A special type of systems of equations over a group \\(G\\) is defined (see paragraph 3.1 in the paper) called NTQ systems. In the sequel a finitely generated torsion free hyperbolic group \\(\\Gamma=\\langle A\\mid\\mathcal R\\rangle\\) is fixed.NEWLINENEWLINE Proposition. (Corollary 3.12) Let \\(S(X,A)\\) be an embeddable NTQ system over a toral relatively hyperbolic group \\(\\Gamma\\). Then \\(\\Gamma_S\\) embeds into a group obtained from \\(\\Gamma\\) by extensions of centralizers. In particular, \\(\\Gamma_S\\) is fully residually \\(\\Gamma\\), is toral relatively hyperbolic, and \\(\\Gamma_S=\\Gamma_{R(S)}\\). -- Further, the embedding may be computed effectively.NEWLINENEWLINE Lemma 2. (Lemma 3.15) There is an algorithm that, given a finite presentation \\(\\langle Z\\mid S\\rangle\\) of a group \\(G\\), produces (i) finitely many fully residually \\(\\Gamma\\) groups \\(G_1,\\ldots,G_m\\). (ii) homomorphisms \\(\\alpha_i\\colon G\\to G_i\\), such that for every homomorphism \\(\\psi\\colon G\\to\\Gamma\\) there exists a homomorphism \\(\\widehat\\varphi\\colon G_i\\to\\Gamma\\) such that \\(\\psi=\\alpha_i\\widehat\\varphi\\). Further, each group \\(G_i\\) has the form \\(G_i=\\Gamma_{T_i}\\) where \\(T_i\\) is an embeddable \\(\\Gamma\\)-NTQ system and the homomorphism \\(\\widehat\\varphi\\) is a \\(\\Gamma\\)-homomorphism.NEWLINENEWLINE Corollary 1. (Corollary 3.17) If \\(G\\) is fully residually \\(\\Gamma\\), then there exists \\(i\\in\\{1,\\ldots,m\\}\\) such that the homomorphism \\(\\alpha_i\\) is injective. If \\(G\\) is residually \\(\\Gamma\\), then for every \\(g\\in G\\) there exists \\(i\\in\\{1,\\ldots,m\\}\\) such that \\((g)\\alpha_i\\neq 1\\).NEWLINENEWLINE Corollary 2. (Corollary 3.19) The universal theory of a torsion free hyperbolic group is decidable.NEWLINENEWLINE Theorem. (Main result (Theorem 3.21.)) Let \\(\\Gamma\\) be any torsion free hyperbolic group. There is an algorithm that, given a finitely presented group \\(G\\), constructs (i) finitely many groups \\(H_1,\\ldots,H_n\\), each given as a series of extensions of centralizers of \\(\\Gamma\\), (ii) homomorphisms \\(\\varphi_i\\colon G\\to H_i\\), such that (1) if \\(G\\) is fully residually \\(\\Gamma\\), then at least one of the \\(\\varphi_i\\) is injective, (2) if \\(G\\) is residually \\(\\Gamma\\), the map \\(\\varphi_1\\times\\cdots\\times\\varphi_n\\colon G\\to H_1\\times\\cdots\\times H_n\\) is injective. -- This also holds for \\(G\\) in the category of \\(\\Gamma\\)-groups.NEWLINENEWLINE As a corollary it is obtained a polynomial-time solution to the word problem in any finitely presented residually 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