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A \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) is proper when for any edge \\(xy \\in E\\), \\(c(x) \\neq c(y)\\). The color classes of a \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) are denoted by \\(c_i\\) where \\(c_i\\) is the set of all vertices which are assigned the color \\(i\\). Given a \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) of a graph \\(G\\), a set \\(A\\) of vertices of \\(G\\) is called a transversal of \\(c\\) when for all \\(i\\), \\(a \\leq i \\leq k\\), \\(A \\cap c_i \\neq \\phi\\). Given a \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) of \\(G\\), let \\(S_c = \\{v \\in V(G): N[v]\\, \\text{is a transversal of}\\, c \\}\\). A \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) is called a transversal coloring when \\(S_c\\) is a transversal of \\(c\\). Otherwise, \\(c\\) is a nontransversal coloring.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe following theorem is proved.NEWLINENEWLINELet \\(c\\) be a \\(k\\)-coloring of a graph \\(G\\). If \\(S_c\\) is not a transversal of \\(c\\), then there is a \\((k - 1)\\)-coloring of \\(G\\). However, the converse does not hold.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEGiven a \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) of a graph \\(G\\), a defense to an attack on a vertex \\(v\\) is a \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c^\\prime\\) such that \\(c^{\\prime}(v) \\neq c(v)\\) and for all \\(w \\notin N[v]\\), \\(c^{\\prime} (w) = c(w)\\). A vertex \\(v\\), with respect to a \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\), is said to be defendable, if there is a defense to an attack on \\(v\\). A \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) is \\textit{secure} when every vertex is defendable. Let \\(\\chi_{s}(G)\\) be the smallest integer \\(k\\) for which there is a secure \\(k\\)-coloring of \\(G\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe following result is proved.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINESuppose \\(c\\) is a nontransversal \\(k\\)-coloring of a graph \\(G\\) with \\(c_j \\cap S_c = \\emptyset\\), for some \\(a \\leq j \\leq k\\). For each vertex \\(x \\in c_j\\), let \\(i_x\\) be a color with \\(N[x] \\cap c_{i_x} = \\emptyset\\). A defense to an attack on a vertex \\(v\\) of \\(G\\) is given by NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE c^{\\prime}(x)= \\begin{cases} j, \\quad & \\text{if }x = v \\text{ and } v \\notin c_j\\\\ i_x, \\quad & \\text{if } x \\in c_j \\cap N[v]\\\\ c(x)\\quad & \\text{otherwise}. \\end{cases}NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE Let \\(c\\) be a \\(k\\)-coloring of a graph \\(G\\) and let \\(v\\) be a vertex in \\(G\\). We define, for each vertex \\(w\\) in \\(G\\), a subset of \\(I_k = \\{1, 2, \\dots, k\\}\\) as follows. NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE L_v(w) = \\begin{cases} I_k - \\{c(w)\\} \\quad & \\text{if}\\,\\, w = v\\\\ I_k - \\{c (u) : u \\in N[w] - N[v] \\}\\quad & \\text{if}\\,\\, w \\in N(v)\\\\ \\{c(w)\\} \\quad & \\text{otherwise}. \\end{cases}NEWLINE\\]NEWLINENEWLINE The following characterizations are proved.NEWLINENEWLINESuppose \\(c\\) is a \\(k\\)-coloring of a graph \\(G\\). A vertex \\(v\\) is defendable if and only if there is a \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c^{\\prime}\\) such that \\(c^{\\prime}(w) \\in L_v(w)\\) for every vertex \\(w \\in G\\).NEWLINENEWLINEA proper \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) of a graph \\(G\\) is secure if and only if for each \\(v \\in G\\) there is a proper \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c^{\\prime}\\) with \\(c^{\\prime}(w) \\in L_v(w)\\) for every vertex \\(w \\in G\\).NEWLINENEWLINEIf \\(G\\) is a triangle free graph with \\(n\\) vertices there is an \\(O(n^3)\\) algorithm for determining whether or not an arbitrary \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) is secure.NEWLINENEWLINEGiven a graph \\(G\\), a collection \\(\\mathcal{K}\\) of \\(k\\)-colorings of \\(G\\) is said to be closed when, for every \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) in \\(\\mathcal{K}\\) and every vertex \\(v\\) in \\(G\\), there is a defense \\(c^{\\prime}\\) in \\(\\mathcal{K}\\) to an attack on \\(v\\).NEWLINENEWLINEA \\(k\\)-coloring \\(c\\) is an eternal \\(k\\)-coloring when \\(c\\) is an element of a closed set \\(\\mathcal{K}\\) of \\(k\\)-colorings. A \\(k\\)-coloring that is not eternal is said to be a mortal \\(k\\)-coloring. \\(\\chi^{\\infty} (G)\\) is the smallest integer \\(k\\) for which there is an eternal \\(k\\)-coloring.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEFor any graph \\(G\\), every nontransversal \\(k\\)-coloring is eternal.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEFor any graph \\(G\\), \\(\\chi^{\\infty} (G) = \\chi(G)\\) if and only if every \\(\\chi^{\\infty} (G)\\)-coloring is a transversal coloring.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEAn algorithm is given to produce an eternal \\(k\\)-coloring. It is also shown that eternal coloring problem is NP-hard.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEGiven a graph \\(G\\), \\(M(G)\\) is defined as the smallest integer such that for all \\(k > M(G)\\) every \\(k\\)-coloring is eternal.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEFor a graph \\(G\\) and a nonincreasing degree sequence labeling \\(v_1, \\dots, v_n\\), let NEWLINE\\[NEWLINEs(G) = \\begin{cases} 1, &\\text{if}\\,\\, \\Delta(G) \\leq 1; \\\\ \\{i: \\mathrm{deg}(v_{i -1})\\leq i\\, \\text{ and }\\mathrm{deg}(v_i)\\geq i - 1 \\} , &\\text{if}\\,\\, \\Delta(G) \\geq 2. \\end{cases} NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE For any graph \\(G\\) with at least one edge, \\(M(G) \\leq s(G) \\leq \\Delta(G)\\) and these bounds are tight.NEWLINENEWLINEThe following characterization is proved.NEWLINENEWLINEEvery \\(k\\)-coloring of a tree \\(T\\) is eternal if an only if every vertex in \\(T\\) has at most \\(k - 2\\) neighbours with degree \\(k\\) or more.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2878221$7028462A-C7A1-4E47-B680-5082503E78D4","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"34ca366c7bb277434f612f766d36fa16b74d5cf2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":657386,"id":"Q657386"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2878221$3744561E-E038-4194-A363-87862E9093A0","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2878221","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2878221"}}}}}