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Moreover, they state certain `splitting conjectures' which are shown to be equivalent to Leopoldt's conjecture.NEWLINENEWLINELet \\(X\\) be a smooth projective curve over a field \\(K\\) and choose two points \\(P,Q \\in X(K)\\). Let \\(X_{P,Q}\\) be the singular curve obtained from \\(X\\) by identifying \\(P\\) with \\(Q\\). We then have an exact sequence NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE0 \\rightarrow \\mathbb G_m \\rightarrow J_{P,Q} \\rightarrow J \\rightarrow 0,NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE where \\(J_{P,Q}\\) and \\(J\\) denote the (generalized) Jacobians of \\(X_{P,Q}\\) and \\(X\\), respectively. Then the class of this sequence in \\(\\mathrm{Ext}^1(J, \\mathbb G_m)\\) is given by the degree zero divisor \\((Q) - (P)\\) under \\(\\mathrm{Ext}^1(J, \\mathbb G_m) \\simeq \\mathrm{Pic}^0(J) = J\\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe authors introduce the following analogue in Iwasawa theory: Let \\(F\\) be a totally real field and \\(p\\) and odd prime. Let \\(F_{\\infty}\\) be the cyclotomic \\(\\mathbb Z_p\\)-extension of \\(F\\) and let \\(M_{\\infty}\\) be the maximal abelian pro-\\(p\\)-extension of \\(F_{\\infty}\\) unramified outside \\(p\\). Then \\(Y_{\\infty} := \\mathrm{Gal}(M_{\\infty} / F_{\\infty})\\) is a finitely generated torsion \\(\\Lambda\\)-module, where as usual \\(\\Lambda = \\mathbb Z_p[[\\Gamma]] \\simeq \\mathbb Z_p[[T]]\\), \\(\\Gamma = \\mathrm{Gal}(F_{\\infty}/F)\\). Let \\(Y_{\\infty}' := \\mathrm{Gal}(M_{\\infty} / F)\\) and consider the exact sequence NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE0 \\rightarrow Y_{\\infty} \\rightarrow Y_{\\infty}' \\rightarrow \\mathbb Z_p \\rightarrow 0.NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE The authors call the last map a `degree map'. From this one obtains NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE0 \\rightarrow (Y_{\\infty})_{\\Gamma} \\rightarrow (Y_{\\infty}')_{\\Gamma} \\rightarrow \\mathbb Z_p \\rightarrow 0.NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE Now fix a finite set \\(Q\\) of places of \\(F\\) away from \\(p\\). Define \\(M_Q'\\) to be the \\(\\mathbb Z_p\\)-submodule of \\((Y_{\\infty}')_{\\Gamma}\\) generated by the Frobenii at \\(q\\) for \\(q \\in Q\\). Let \\(M_Q\\) be the submodule of \\(M_Q'\\) of those elements which have degree zero.NEWLINENEWLINEWhen \\(Q\\) consists of two points, the authors associate a class in \\(H^1(\\Gamma, Y_{\\infty})\\) and denote the \\(\\mathbb Z_p\\)-submodule of \\(H^1(\\Gamma, Y_{\\infty})\\) generated by this class by \\(N_Q\\). The analogue of the above is the following `reciprocity conjecture': \\(N_Q\\) is mapped isomorphically onto \\(M_Q\\) under \\(H^1(\\Gamma, Y_{\\infty}) \\simeq (Y_{\\infty})_{\\Gamma}\\).NEWLINENEWLINEThis has meanwhile been shown by \\textit{R. T. Sharifi} [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2014, No. 5, 1409--1424 (2014; Zbl 1307.11122)].NEWLINENEWLINENow put \\(\\mathcal F_{\\infty} := F(\\mu_{p^{\\infty}})\\) and let \\(L_Q\\) be the maximal abelian pro-\\(p\\)-extension of \\(\\mathcal F_{\\infty}\\) that is unramified outside \\(Q\\). Put \\(X_{\\infty,Q} := \\mathrm{Gal}(L_Q / \\mathcal F_{\\infty})\\) which has an action by complex conjugation. Then there is an exact sequence NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE0 \\rightarrow \\mathbb Z_p(1)^{m-1} \\rightarrow X_{\\infty,Q}^- \\rightarrow X_{\\infty,\\emptyset}^- \\rightarrow 0,NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE where \\(m\\) is the cardinality of \\(Q\\). It is shown that Leopodt's conjecture (at \\(p\\)) is true if and only if this sequence splits up to isogeny (i.e.~after tensoring with \\(\\mathbb Q_p\\)) for all \\(Q = \\left\\{q_1, q_2\\right\\}\\) such that \\(q_1\\) and \\(q_2\\) are inert in \\(F_{\\infty} / F\\).NEWLINENEWLINEFinally, there is a variant of the splitting conjecture, and the authors show that for a totally real Galois extension of \\(\\mathbb Q\\) the Leopoldt defect is not equal to 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