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groups: a survey.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2909484$FB7334DC-C438-47A7-91E9-668B87C30BAC","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"2b1fb40f34d90161129f3a6824cbe9c68d6e2f4e","datavalue":{"value":"The class field tower problem was posed by Furtw\u00e4ngler in 1925, and popularised by \\textit{H. Hasse} [Jahresbericht D. M. V. 35, 1-55 (1926; JFM 52.0150.19)]. It can be stated as saying that there is no number field \\(K\\) whose maximal unramified prosoluble extension has infinite degree over \\(K\\). To provide a negative answer, one could show that for some prime \\(p\\) the maximal unramified \\(p\\)-extension \\(K_p\\) of \\(K\\) has infinite Galois group \\(G_{K,p}\\), the latter being a pro-\\(p\\) group.NEWLINENEWLINE \\textit{I. R. Shafarevich} gave in 1963 [Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes \u00c9tud. Sci. 18, 295-319 (1963; Zbl 0118.27505)] a formula for the minimal number of generators \\(d(G_{K,p})\\) of \\(G_{K,p}\\), and an upper bound for the minimal number \\(r(G_{K,p})\\) of relations. These results implied a negative answer to the problem, if one could show that there is no infinite sequence of finite \\(p\\)-groups \\(G_n\\) such that \\(d(G_n)\\to\\infty\\), while \\(r(G_n)-d(G_n)\\) stays bounded. This was achieved by \\textit{E. S. Golod} and \\textit{I. R. Shafarevich} in 1964 [Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 28, 261-272 (1964; Zbl 0136.02602)], when they were able to show that if \\(G\\) is a finite \\(p\\)-group, then \\(r(G)>(d(G)-1)^2/4\\), a result later improved to \\(r(G)>d(G)^2/4\\) by \\textit{\u00c8. B. Vinberg} [Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 29, 209-214 (1965; Zbl 0171.29401)] and \\textit{P. Roquette} [in Algebraic Number Theory. Proceedings of an instructional conference organized by the London Mathematical Society. 231-249 (1967; Zbl 0153.07403)].NEWLINENEWLINE The paper under review is a survey of Golod-Shafarevich groups and algebras, that is, those groups and algebras \\(G\\) that satisfy the Golod-Shafarevich inequality \\(r(G)>d(G)^2/4\\). Here the relators can be counted in a certain weighted sense. \\textit{E. S. Golod} was able to show [Am. Math. Soc., Translat., II. Ser. 48, 103-106 (1965); translation from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 28, 273-276 (1964; Zbl 0215.39202)] that there are Golod-Shafarevich abstract groups that are torsion, thus settling in the negative also the general Burnside problem.NEWLINENEWLINE Section~2 deals with the Golod-Shafarevich inequality for graded algebras, which is formulated in terms of Hilbert series and its applications to settling in the negative the Kurosh-Levitzky problem and the general Burnside problems.NEWLINENEWLINE Section~3 gives a formal definition of Golod-Shafarevich groups via degree functions and Hilbert series. A stronger version of a result of Golod is proved, stating that for every prime \\(p\\) and integer \\(d\\geq 2\\) there exists an infinite \\(d\\)-generated \\(p\\)-torsion group in which every \\((d-1)\\)-generated subgroup is finite.NEWLINENEWLINE Sections~4 and~5 deal with generalised Golod-Shafarevich groups, which were introduced by \\textit{M. Ershov} and \\textit{A. Jaikin-Zapirain} [in J. Reine Angew. Math. 677, 71-134 (2013; Zbl 1285.20031)]. Here the generators, too, are counted with weights, and their number is allowed to be countable.NEWLINENEWLINE Quotients of generalised Golod-Shafarevich groups provide a wide range of examples of infinite groups with specific properties. The quotients, and several of their applications, are dealt with in Section~6. For instance, a result of \\textit{A. Myasnikov} and \\textit{D. Osin} [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 215, No. 11, 2789-2796 (2011; Zbl 1233.20031)] can be derived, which shows that every recursively presented Golod-Shafarevich abstract group has a Golod-Shafarevich quotient \\(Q\\) such that there is no algorithm that can produce an infinite set of pairwise distinct elements of \\(Q\\).NEWLINENEWLINE In Section~7 an important result of \\textit{E. Zelmanov} [in: New horizons in pro-\\(p\\) groups. Prog. Math. 184, 223-232 (2000; Zbl 0974.20022)] is discussed, which shows that every generalised Golod-Shafarevich pro-\\(p\\) group contains a nonabelian free pro-\\(p\\) subgroup.NEWLINENEWLINE Section~8 deals with subgroup growth.NEWLINENEWLINE Section~9 discusses the recent discovery of very simple counterexamples to the general Burnside problem by \\textit{J.-C. Schlage-Puchta} [J. Group Theory 15, No. 2, 261-270 (2012; Zbl 1259.20046)] and \\textit{D. Osin} [Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 43, No. 1, 10-16 (2011; Zbl 1245.20044)]. These are based on groups of positive power \\(p\\)-deficiency.NEWLINENEWLINE Section~10 surveys applications to number theory, covering in particular the class field tower problem.NEWLINENEWLINE Section~11 deals with applications in geometry and topology, in particular concerning the fundamental groups of hyperbolic \\(3\\)-manifolds.NEWLINENEWLINE Section~12 discusses the work by the author on Kazhdan's property (T) for Golod-Shafarevich groups [Duke Math. J. 145, No. 2, 309-339 (2008; Zbl 1162.20018); Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 102, No. 4, 599-636 (2011; Zbl 1280.20037)].NEWLINENEWLINE Section~13 discusses a result of the author and \\textit{A. Jaikin-Zapirain} [loc. cit.], which states that for every prime \\(p\\), and every abstract generalised Golod-Shafarevich \\(G\\) with respect to \\(p\\), there is a quotient of \\(G\\) which is a finitely generated, residually finite, infinite \\(p\\)-torsion group in which every finitely generated subgroup is either finite, or of finite index. This is related to the Tarski Monsters, first constructed by \\textit{A. Yu. Ol'shanski\u012d} [Math. USSR, Izv. 16, 279-289 (1981); translation from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 44, 309-321 (1980; Zbl 0475.20025)].NEWLINENEWLINE Section~14 closes with a discussion of several open problems.NEWLINENEWLINE The author is a leading expert in the field, to which he has given fundamental contributions. 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