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A typical example is the relation given by the normalisation morphism \\(f:X\\to Y\\) of a non-normal scheme \\(Y\\).NEWLINENEWLINEIn general, even if \\(X\\) is Noetherian and a categorical quotient \\((X/R)^{\\mathrm{cat}}\\) exists, it may be non-Noetherian and the geometric quotient may either not exist or be different from \\((X/R)^{cat}\\). The author gives many examples in section 2 of this type of phenomenon. As one example, let \\(f:X\\to Y\\) be a finite surjective morphism and \\(R:=(X\\times_YX)^{\\mathrm{red}}\\subset X\\times X\\) the corresponding set-theoretic equivalence relation (note that \\(X\\times_Y X\\) may fail to be reduced). Then \\(X/R\\) exists and \\(X/R\\to(X/R)^{\\mathrm{cat}}\\) is a finite and universal homeomorphism, but need not be an isomorphism. In particular, if \\(X\\) is the normalisation of \\(Y\\), then \\(X/R\\) is the weak normalisation of \\(Y\\).NEWLINENEWLINESection 3 contains some elementary results on the existence of geometric quotients. Section 4 consists of an inductive plan for constructing \\(X/R\\), which works well in finite characteristic; in characteristic \\(0\\), on the other hand, a certain inductive assumption proves quite restrictive. In section 5, the author proves that, if \\(X\\) is an algebraic space which is essentially of finite type over a Noetherian \\({\\mathbb F}_p\\)-scheme \\(S\\) and \\(R\\rightrightarrows X\\) is a finite set-theoretic equivalence relation, then \\(X/R\\) exists (Theorem 6). This result remains valid for algebraic spaces for which the Frobenius map \\(F^q:X\\to X^{(q)}\\) is finite. Section 6 contains a discussion of gluing.NEWLINENEWLINEIn the appendix, Claudiu Raicu constructs some interesting examples. The following question remains open in characteristic \\(0\\): let \\(R\\subset X\\times X\\) be a scheme-theoretic equivalence relation such that the projections \\(R\\rightrightarrows X\\) are finite; does \\(X/R\\) exist?NEWLINENEWLINEFor the entire collection see [Zbl 1242.14002].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2918462$7C557400-218B-4ADA-9DBF-5F105B14B79B","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"88d366364ca5710cd6529d78b4ee775e7f25182d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":794687,"id":"Q794687"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2918462$17F3B3CB-86B8-4A71-9620-D8FBDA165EF6","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b4e17cfbf16adb46c3691b1e15bade4d69feb5c5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1770198,"id":"Q1770198"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1bc5472364c0965e84202ab4561c63e27cae0026","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.801763117313385","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2918462$B4D3DDF1-100C-4D21-9352-79D4605DE09C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"90f4fcfdab7271e69af21c552d4aea0c0f609529","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4788754,"id":"Q4788754"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6da9a8ef610b344af0ad10ad03f96c4e6ece436e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7785115242004395","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2918462$3DBA334D-4E5D-401E-8A24-2E1C180363F2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"25e1067bf46a8ca186adc9ec20ea1b31b670aeca","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":676103,"id":"Q676103"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2620a748fb2936e11a2fd1c368505f9b47d69984","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7751474380493164","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2918462$EF284765-BCED-420B-84B6-EEA50B6386F1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"33f0aa621a115fe625d07fb68ef8019c4766f077","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2857295,"id":"Q2857295"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2620a748fb2936e11a2fd1c368505f9b47d69984","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7751474380493164","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2918462$04FD6D78-2F55-415C-B651-8ED88FA8F9F2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2e9840d07e35db528665e062efc7d0a151fe3b1a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1104368,"id":"Q1104368"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"416d83e1ebe8ef0ded6639446e81abe1c0846298","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7624578475952148","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2918462$F1D6F076-DC30-4D03-B48D-4E85023DC1FF","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2918462","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2918462"}}}}}