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\\(F_n\\) be the free group of rank \\(n\\) and \\(L_n=\\{a_i,\\overline{a_i},\\;i=1,2,\\dots,n\\}\\) a subset of \\(F_n\\), where \\(a_i\\) are free generators of \\(F_n\\) and \\(\\overline{a_i}\\) are their inverses. Let \\(C_n\\) be the subset of all cyclically reduced elements of \\(F_n\\). Two elements \\(v,w\\) of \\(F_n\\) are equivalent if there exists an automorphism \\(\\varphi\\) of \\(F_n\\) such that \\(\\varphi(v)=w\\). An element \\(w\\in F_n\\) is called minimal if \\(|w|\\leq|\\varphi(w)|\\) for all \\(\\varphi\\in\\Aut (F_n)\\).NEWLINENEWLINE\\textit{J. H. C. Whitehead} [in Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 41, 48-56 (1936; Zbl 0013.24801); Ann. Math. (2) 37, 782-800 (1936; Zbl 0015.24804)] gave two kinds of finite subsets of \\(\\Aut(F_n)\\) which are enough to determine whether an element of \\(F_n\\) is minimal.NEWLINENEWLINE \\textit{B. Khan}, [Contemp. Math. 349, 115-196 (2004; Zbl 1078.20035)], \\textit{D. Lee}, [J. Algebra 301, No. 1, 35-58 (2006; Zbl 1100.20028); J. Algebra 305, No. 2, 1093-1101 (2006; Zbl 1112.20022)], and \\textit{A. G. Myasnikov} and \\textit{V. Shpilrain}, [J. Algebra 269, No. 1, 18-27 (2003; Zbl 1035.20019)], studied the equivalence classes and have obtained upper bounds on the time required to determine whether two words \\(v,w\\in F_n\\) are equivalent.NEWLINENEWLINE In this paper the authors give a new characterization of minimal words in \\(F_2\\). Here we quote some of their results.NEWLINENEWLINE Let \\(w=w_1w_2\\cdots w_\\ell\\) and \\(v\\) be two non empty words on \\(L_2\\) with \\(k=|v|\\leq|w|=\\ell\\), let \\([v]_w\\) denote the number of (possibly overlapping) occurrences of the subword \\(v\\) in \\(w_1w_2\\cdots w_\\ell w_1\\cdots w_{k-1}\\) and let \\((v)_w=[v]_w+[v^{-1}]_w\\).NEWLINENEWLINE Theorem A. (Theorem 4 in the paper) Let \\(w\\in C_2\\). The following are equivalent. (1) \\(w\\) is minimal. (2) \\(|(ab)_w-(a\\overline b)_w|\\leq\\min((aa)_w,(bb)_w)\\). (3) \\(|(yx)_w-(y\\overline x)_w|\\leq\\min((xx)_w,(yy)_w)\\) for some \\(x,y\\in L_2\\) with \\(x\\not\\in\\{y,\\overline y\\}\\).NEWLINENEWLINE Corollary 1. (Corollary 5 in the paper) Let \\(w\\) be a word on the alphabet \\(\\{a,b\\}\\). Then \\(w\\) is minimal if and only if \\([ab]_w\\leq\\min([aa]_w,[bb]_w)\\).NEWLINENEWLINE Corollary 2. (Corollary 6 in the paper) If \\(w\\) and \\(u\\) are minimal words with the same initial letter, then \\(wu\\) is minimal.NEWLINENEWLINE Let \\(w=w_1w_2\\cdots w_\\ell\\) be a cyclically reduced element of \\(F_2\\) and let \\(1\\leq i\\leq\\ell\\). The word \\(u=w_1w_2\\cdots w_{i-1}w_iw_iw_{i+1}\\cdots w_\\ell\\) obtained by duplicating the letter \\(w_i\\) is called a child of \\(w\\) and \\(w\\) is called the parent of \\(u\\). A root word is a minimal word that is not a child of any minimal word.NEWLINENEWLINE Theorem B. (Theorem 7 in the paper) Let \\(w\\in C_2\\). The following are equivalent. (1) \\(w\\) is a root word. (2) \\(|(ab)_w-(a\\overline b)_w|=(aa)_w=(bb)_w\\). (2) \\(|(yx)_w-(y\\overline x)_w|=(xx)_w=(yy)_w\\) for some \\(x,y\\in L_2\\) with \\(x\\not\\in\\{y,\\overline y\\}\\).NEWLINENEWLINE Corollary 3. (Corollary 8 in the paper) Let \\(w\\) be a word on the alphabet \\(\\{a,b\\}\\). Then \\(w\\) is a root word if and only if \\([ab]_w=[aa]_w=[bb]_w\\).NEWLINENEWLINE Theorem C. (Theorem 11 in the paper) If \\(w\\) is a root word, then \\(|w|\\) is divisible by 4.NEWLINENEWLINE Theorem D. (Theorem 16 in the paper) If \\(w\\) is a root word, \\(w\\sim v\\), and \\(|w|=|v|\\), then \\(v\\) is a root word.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q351749$DB4C038D-2EC1-4408-8EE9-73D92728FD50","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Growing words in the free group on two generators.","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Growing_words_in_the_free_group_on_two_generators."}}}}}