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the text: ``We present a method to determine Frobenius elements in arbitrary Galois extensions of global fields, which may be seen as a generalisation of Euler's criterion. It is a part of the general question how to compare splitting fields and identify conjugacy classes in Galois groups, which we will discuss as well. NEWLINENEWLINEOur main result is the following:NEWLINENEWLINETheorem 1.1. Let \\(K\\) be a global field and \\(f(x)\\in K[x]\\) a separable polynomial withNEWLINEGalois group \\(G\\). There is a polynomial \\(h(x)\\in K[x]\\) and polynomials \\(\\Gamma_C\\in K[X]\\) indexed by the conjugacy classes \\(C\\) of \\(G\\) such thatNEWLINENEWLINE\\[ \\operatorname{Frob}_{\\mathfrak p}\\in C \\Leftrightarrow \\Gamma_C \\left(\\operatorname{Tr}_{\\frac{\\mathbb F_q[x]}{f(x)} \\bigl/ \\mathbb F_q} (h(x)x^q)\\right)CARRIAGE_RETURNNEWLINE\\equiv 0 \\pmod{\\mathfrak p} \\] NEWLINENEWLINEfor almost all primes \\(\\mathfrak p\\) of \\(K\\); here \\(\\mathbb F_q\\) is the residue field at \\(\\mathfrak p\\).NEWLINENEWLINEThis is proved in Section 5; see Theorem 5.3. Usually one can take \\(h(x) = x^2\\) (see below); in particular \\(\\operatorname{Tr}(x^{q+2}\\) then determines the conjugacy class of \\(\\operatorname{Frob}_{\\mathfrak p}\\).NEWLINENEWLINEIn Section 6 we explain how the theorem recovers classical formulas for Frobenius elements in cyclotomic and Kummer extensions. In Section 7 we give explicit examples for nonabelian Galois groups, including general cubics, general quartics and quintics with Galois group \\(D_{10}\\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe polynomials \\(\\Gamma_C\\) are explicitly given byNEWLINENEWLINE\\[ \\Gamma_C(X) = \\prod_{\\sigma\\in C} \\left(X - \\sum_{j=1}^n h(a_j)\\sigma(a_j)\\right). \\]NEWLINENEWLINEwhere \\(a_1, \\ldots, a_n\\) are the roots of \\(f\\) in some splitting field. The ``almost all primes'' in the theorem are those not dividing the denominators of the coefficients of \\(f\\), its leading coefficient and the resultants \\(\\operatorname{Res}(\\Gamma_C; \\Gamma_{C'})\\) for \\(C \\ne C'\\); the latter simply says that the \\(\\Gamma_C \\bmod{\\mathfrak p}\\) are pairwise coprime. (This condition always fails forNEWLINEramified primes.) NEWLINENEWLINEFinally, the only constraint on the polynomial \\(h\\) is that the resulting \\(\\Gamma_C\\) are coprime over \\(K\\). This holds for almost all \\(h\\), in the sense that the admissible ones of degree at most \\(n -1\\) form a Zariski dense open subset of \\(K^n\\). Also, a fixed \\(h\\) with \\(1< \\deg h