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concept of evolution algebra, popularized under this name by \\textit{J. P. Tian} [Evolution algebras and their applications. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1921. Berlin: Springer (2008; Zbl 1136.17001)], was first introduced by \\textit{I. M. H. Etherington} [Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Sect. B, Biol. 61, 24--42 (1941; Zbl 0063.01290), p. 34] to study algebraically the self-fertilization and was used later by \\textit{P. Holgate} [J. Math. Biol. 6, 197--206 (1978; Zbl 0387.92008)] for the partial selfing.NEWLINENEWLINEAn algebra \\(E\\) on a field \\(K\\) is an evolution algebra if it admits a basis \\(\\left(e_{i}\\right)\\) such that \\(e_{i}e_{j}=\\delta_{ij}\\sum_{k}a_{ik}e_{k}\\). In a previous work [\\textit{J. M. Casas} et al., Algebra Colloq. 21, No. 2, 331--342 (2014; Zbl 1367.17026)], the authors showed that an \\(n\\)-dimensional evolution algebra \\(E\\) is nil if and only if the canonically associated matrix \\(A=\\left(a_{ij}\\right)\\) of the structural constants of \\(E\\) is strictly upper triangular. In the present paper, they prove that an \\(n\\)-dimensional nilpotent evolution algebra \\(E\\) has maximal nilpotent index \\(2^{n-1}+1\\) if and only if the matrix of structural constants \\(\\left(a_{ij}\\right)_{1\\leq i,j\\leq n}\\) is strictly upper triangular and verify the condition \\(a_{12}a_{23}\\ldots a_{n-1,n}\\neq0\\).NEWLINENEWLINEFrom this, they deduce the classification of finite dimensional complex evolution algebras with maximal nilpotent index and for any integer \\(0<s<n\\) they give examples of \\(n\\)-dimensional nilpotent evolution algebras with nilpotent index \\(2^{n-s}+1\\) and \\(2^{\\max\\left\\{ s-1,n-s\\right\\} }+1\\). 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