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cost game is a pair consisting of a set of players \\(N=\\{1,2,\\dots,n\\}\\) and a subadditive function \\(c: 2^ N\\to[0,\\infty)\\) (i.e., a function that satisfies a property \\(c(S\\cup T)\\leq c(S)+c(T)\\). In real-life applications \\(c(S)\\) usually indicates the cost that members of \\(S\\) must pay if they act on their own, coordinating their efforts only with each other and not cooperating with players that do not belong to \\(S\\). In this interpretation the subadditivity property sounds reasonable: if \\(S\\) and \\(T\\) join their efforts, then they can either continue to make separate actions (in which case they spend \\(c(S)+c(T))\\) or spend less. Due to this property it is reasonable for all of them to combine their efforts, and the problem is how to divide the resulting cost \\(c(N)\\), i.e., how to divide \\(c(N)\\) into individual contributions \\(x_ i\\) so that \\(\\sum^ n_{i=1} x_ i=c(N)\\). If instead of talking about costs we'll talk about the profits or gains \\(u_ i=r_ i-c_ i\\), where \\(r_ i\\) denotes the revenue of the \\(i\\)-th participant, then this problem becomes a general cooperative game problem in the form of a cooperative function, where \\(v(S)=\\sum_{i\\in S} r_ i-c(S)\\). Therefore in principle one can apply known game-theoretic solutions, like the Shapley value, to solve this problem. This is, however, not how cost allocations problems are mainly been solved in real-life situations. One of the reasons may be the high computational cost of computing the Shapley value (to compute it you need to enumerate all \\(2^ n\\) coalitions, which can be unfeasible for \\(n>30\\)). Another reason is that the Shapley value is something that is absolutely different from the normal managerial practice, and therefore the decision-makers prefer to stick to the methods that sound more like the ones that they are accustomed to use. So instead of using Shapley vector or its modifications they use different cost allocation methods, like the 'equal charge' method, in which \\(x_ i=c(N)-c(N-\\{i\\})+e/n\\), where \\(e=c(N)-\\sum^ n_{i=1} (c(N)-c(N-\\{i\\}))\\). These methods are actually being used, and they often lead to satisfactory results. In view of that it is important to analyze these methods, to find their restrictions and to figure out why and in what sense they can be good. This is what the paper under review is devoted to: namely, it deals with different aspects of stability. By acting together each coalition \\(S\\) saves the amount \\(\\sum_{i\\in S} x_ i-c(S)\\), which is called its excess \\(e(S,x)\\). Now suppose that a coalition \\(S\\) would gain more by being on its own than when it is a member of \\(N-\\{i\\}\\) for some \\(i\\), i.e., that \\(e(S,x)>e(N-\\{i\\},x)\\). Then \\(S\\) will want to be on their own, and the whole solution is unstable. In the first part, conditions are given under which such instability is described by the notion of core: a cost allocation belongs to the core if every coalition pays no more than it would have to pay on its own, i.e., when \\(\\sum i\\in S\\leq c(S)\\) for every \\(S\\) (this is precisely the core of an above-described game \\(v\\)). Shapley proved the existence of the core for convex games. In the present paper a new existence result is presented: that under certain conditions the core is not empty, and an explicit formula for the allocation from that core is given.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q3976931$19B5A2BA-AB1D-460C-963F-2FD42C946A41","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Some Results in Cost Allocation Games","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Some_Results_in_Cost_Allocation_Games"}}}}}