{"entities":{"Q406196":{"pageid":407963,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q406196","lastrevid":61613490,"modified":"2026-04-11T00:28:48Z","type":"item","id":"Q406196","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A free energy principle for biological systems"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6341055"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$0EA82B5C-0C75-4A92-860E-709EDAEF2650","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"fe0deee89e744909d4f33c0b2a7064ce6331f51e","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A free energy principle for biological systems","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$8F6B32D3-CA8D-4DBC-B7B1-79CC922DF76F","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"f0f1cc317e8c8ab3617438d62f76e10dcbc98e4c","datavalue":{"value":"1319.92015","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$73ED8E79-8A21-4CEA-96E8-D2CECE487B6E","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"5cd7699fb04f6d346a394454e45cb2ba8d87b719","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":72504,"id":"Q72504"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$C340FEE4-D4BD-4806-9F60-628EFF927622","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"565bc5987614f46e32dc98add32d630fe2eeb533","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2014-09-08T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$8BD7D374-49E8-4BC1-89D8-B93969486142","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"242b2ef3752225edccadd205fb215e0916eb1c6a","datavalue":{"value":"Summary: This paper describes a free energy principle that tries to explain the ability of biological systems to resist a natural tendency to disorder. It appeals to circular causality of the sort found in synergetic formulations of self-organization (e.g., the slaving principle) and models of coupled dynamical systems, using nonlinear Fokker Planck equations. Here, circular causality is induced by separating the states of a random dynamical system into \\textit{external} and \\textit{internal} states, where external states are subject to random fluctuations and internal states are not. This reduces the problem to finding some (deterministic) dynamics of the internal states that ensure the system visits a limited number of external states; in other words, the measure of its (random) attracting set, or the Shannon entropy of the external states is small. We motivate a solution using a principle of least action based on variational free energy (from statistical physics) and establish the conditions under which it is formally equivalent to the information bottleneck method. This approach has proved useful in understanding the functional architecture of the brain. The generality of variational free energy minimisation and corresponding information theoretic formulations may speak to interesting applications beyond the neurosciences; e.g., in molecular or evolutionary biology.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$094FECFF-9948-4AA1-A34D-DC519C938495","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"33dbd2fb5ca21d3b7512e0368d809229686ea08a","datavalue":{"value":"92C42","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$44553AE2-5322-47BC-8E3D-061284EA0CC8","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"27167bb67ab92d19c4ca611a7733d7b182d37aa6","datavalue":{"value":"6341055","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$F53C2471-2064-4A92-B0E5-CE7297DD3980","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"c54b953fd1fc88617a43be41b4bfaa30bf86786f","datavalue":{"value":"ergodicity","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$665D6BBC-4F74-427A-ACAA-22155C163139","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"1f9bd540ac39b148bfb408434e883ad8f845ede2","datavalue":{"value":"Bayesian","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$F4A919B5-5B9C-4F31-918C-F717A42299FF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"1c8367c55754dc2052fab7f5d5b32e167cc3ab89","datavalue":{"value":"random dynamical system","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$4165978F-02C7-4298-AF83-C4D6A1C33C14","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"da1d7f1172c759ef915d4cdd4119ba205b11cd4d","datavalue":{"value":"self-organization","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$CEBECD1C-B4AB-485E-942B-9C99C6E05DD2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b9ff32ccfe372c50ad64e064b48a2a9f9e5f3993","datavalue":{"value":"free energy","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$6D960C85-DC48-4E07-AB9B-8D509563055B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e5777140fbdab5d3cb8ee4f571929a01d4f19983","datavalue":{"value":"surprise","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$E99B4343-EB76-4130-8149-3587BCC756DF","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"18c9c0a6e162eea6a5e8473de89e46b59e875a29","datavalue":{"value":"Q42371846","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$DD27C705-9112-4118-BCEF-5BFFDD1BE201","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"8003e480edd8b9e9de52bc1b447da1873bb0c96c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":557620,"id":"Q557620"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$E940865C-A4D3-42F7-8CAD-01D4C6536E9A","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$5F47EBE7-C6B3-4A3A-8D6F-13897753CC84","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"6a7bc2133716afa155b8ec787ae9ab8775a0dfab","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112100","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$9A8312D9-8C9B-4069-A9D1-78C7F5DA5F00","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"f39cb1f07dc412986458e08813f3fb49ca0728d4","datavalue":{"value":"W2154123408","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$2BA4964B-B0C8-4225-ABCD-1D46A093422F","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0b82451386e29395712ca6b82d68aaf586746755","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2784814,"id":"Q2784814"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$59D403F0-CD7A-48E8-8C83-99F848E1E24D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4797a416b57f400be7c09c2c29feec3b04ce11eb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":663914,"id":"Q663914"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$2039FD58-429D-4857-B226-647AFAB87BB8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"afa23590fdc07fde831705bcdf8b4ec9df1436f9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":764242,"id":"Q764242"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$0819F88F-CB16-451E-97BC-CB0D0C3427AF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"97b4136b52e87b046fe9c8768340100e74002939","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5362138,"id":"Q5362138"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$C29DE069-DE1D-4F61-870B-483B7E3B14A5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ea0950050da81e6b75dd6e3d5661a5b470cbf60f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5606189,"id":"Q5606189"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$B017852E-92E0-4069-B0A8-E217E017DBD2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"49730d8e2f90d69053044e77724d43e30f782797","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3254190,"id":"Q3254190"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$281675CC-6C67-4F10-A212-C21A97401E90","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8c669cbb7d8e36f97a2a27c7719abc50daeaa6e4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1343608,"id":"Q1343608"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$76A821C7-FAC1-40D9-A825-65652FE23D68","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"860a167473a4715582e892a36dc518a7687b7ecb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1363321,"id":"Q1363321"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$B7C7B8CA-7872-421C-B896-C31AEE6EE486","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a030a69e6e6ca8e255fb8fe55ffdaaff542b839c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4577404,"id":"Q4577404"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$561BAAD2-EA8E-4105-BE8C-42D12D398EA4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"259252188c36cbfb1c813d2028151bf056cb23b9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":663158,"id":"Q663158"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$B196F29E-49E6-4163-9380-4412ECE24CBF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"7fa15a15108bd86c803d6bcbf16a8bf149d75767","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4608560,"id":"Q4608560"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$CDADCA2F-6449-497C-9F5B-E475004DE9C1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"82afb9129435d001fe93d8bcc1e2415d98136460","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1328139,"id":"Q1328139"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$C7D9D107-97D6-476D-BC0D-6D0AF133FCEE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ffa2aaa41b7a5eab7d7ddd6c263214f0e5684b45","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5250403,"id":"Q5250403"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$F04B32C1-9FDA-471D-8E1A-35F0F2A0517E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4d212e6ed771ee98d65c90b3223e92d5abda2964","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":585136,"id":"Q585136"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$3AF361D6-6E79-461A-9176-0E3573650040","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"dc6b095737d6374a3d6114557c94ef53779e9cdb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2483736,"id":"Q2483736"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$2B8D30D7-BA67-4B2D-A346-10493512669E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"35572927bd5e1201336c9fa5b452115e15a22d10","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1570408,"id":"Q1570408"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$73739DC2-666E-4253-8524-9DAE1E077E47","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"50d120594022b5cf80cf75d47d29ef8d6bd81a47","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5804592,"id":"Q5804592"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$52E93518-1297-4BBC-8A47-D7ADF1B7852A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d01ebb113a20c652c3e2b5990daf3b4e901e598e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":980630,"id":"Q980630"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$512FC1EA-0B1E-4A8A-A0C9-489A0531AD50","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"333aef980bd9b20d88a33d9aface22eed7a222c9","datavalue":{"value":"10.3390/E14112100","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q406196$09B29D0B-A806-447A-8DEB-D8CE1991F667","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f27bfe9519265c54d7e6f2640c228bb476ecc4dd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5157242,"id":"Q5157242"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ffbd17e0f5a73ab9e26518a994a764e8f4b25117","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7627411484718323","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q406196$745BE1A7-774D-4DAE-87C2-AEADC00C3A2F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"bab546dfbc3c7f4fa7b9425389ef73f51d4d907b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1690603,"id":"Q1690603"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"012d15eb4acf7c3f5ba7bcf78b8d44c1cd5b37a9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7542123198509216","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q406196$A6AC8DED-C15A-46E4-BAE7-BFD93FF5F7BA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2bb2e66662a8528d154c6fb1aaae4d99c642bf69","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2659634,"id":"Q2659634"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4cac4ca0194c74c56eb6172d0d79c82695ba8679","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7414666414260864","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q406196$C5C257E7-DC44-4F78-B9FC-DD2890AEA5B3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"23a2cd2f1fcbf458f0f88ae8de24a6ab1bc24d5f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1714293,"id":"Q1714293"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b6ad8846e57f593313f605e59d543b14edb17948","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7259212136268616","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q406196$B212BDDF-418A-4D2B-A067-890F9CF2DC9D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b9788652114d4ca3680c18088f5cd2d84a294e1c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2950228,"id":"Q2950228"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"517e5ef9c5a758bce13470e76519e33b7bbc1a37","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7113116979598999","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q406196$D64BDDDB-9E72-407D-A375-E8DB8F52F239","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"A free energy principle for biological systems","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/A_free_energy_principle_for_biological_systems"}}}}}