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Since the solution for the wall layer is universal, only the flow in the fully turbulent layer has to be calculated. This concept is called the method of wall functions. It will be shown that this method is also applicable to flows with separation and with heat transfer. The layer structure leads to conditions which the model equations of the turbulence have to satisfy in order to be asymptotically correct. To demonstrate that the asymptotic methods can also be applied to flows with massive separation, we consider the automobile aerodynamics as a typical example. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0896.00016].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q4215077$C8A24C56-B673-492B-A815-5D0C401FBD8E","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Turbulent boundary layers. I: Fundamentals","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Turbulent_boundary_layers._I:_Fundamentals"}}}}}