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A review of the basic concepts necessary for the understanding of the most recent developments in this subject is given. The following topics are covered : duality in Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, Dirac's quantization of electric and magnetic charges, a relationship between the quantization of the electric charge and compactness of the gauge group, gauge theories with symmetry spontaneously broken, finite energy classical solutions (various type of monopoles). These notes are a simple pedagogical introduction to a duality between the weak and strong coupling sectors of a gauge theory, where the role of fundamental particles and solitons are exchanged. For Part II, see the following review. 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