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estimation of mean values of exponential sums plays a significant rule in analytic number theory, for example in connection with Waring's problem and zero-free regions for the Riemann zeta function. In particular, mean values of exponential sums of the form NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE f_k(\\boldsymbol{\\alpha},X)=\\sum_{1\\leq x\\leq X} e\\left(\\alpha_1x+\\dots+\\alpha_kx^k\\right), NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE where \\(\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}=(\\alpha_1,\\dots,\\alpha_k)\\) is a \\(k\\)-tuple of real numbers, are of great importance. Vinogradov [\\textit{I. M. Vinogradov}, Dokl. Akd. Nauk SSSR 8, 195--198 (1935; Zbl 0013.05303)] developed a new method to estimate mean values of the form NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE J_{s,k}(X)=\\int_{[0,1)^k} \\left|f_k(\\boldsymbol{\\alpha};X)\\right| \\text{d} \\boldsymbol{\\alpha}. NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE There has been a long history of research on this mean value. Using a new method, which he refers to as efficient congruencing, the author obtains estimates for \\(J_{s,k}(X)\\) that for the first time approach those conjectured to be the best possible. In particular, he proves that the conjectured bound NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE J_{s,k}(X)\\ll X^{\\varepsilon}\\left(X^s+X^{2s-\\frac{1}{2}k(k+1)}\\right) NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE holds whenever \\(s\\) and \\(k\\) are natural numbers satisfying \\(k\\geq 2\\) and \\(s\\geq k(k+1)\\). If \\(s\\) is large enough compared to \\(k\\), it can be shown that an asymptotic formula of the shape NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE J_{s,k}(X) \\sim C(s,k)X^{2s-\\frac{1}{2}k(k+1)} NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE holds, where \\(C(s,k)\\) is the product of a singular series and a singular integral. Let \\(V(k)\\) denote the least natural number \\(s\\) for which this asymptotic formula holds. The author also proves that, when \\(k\\geq 3\\), one has \\(V(k)\\leq k^2+k+1\\), which is only a factor 2 away from the best possible bound for \\(V(k)\\). As an important consequence of these estimates, the author makes significant progress on Waring's problem. Let \\(R_{s,k}(n)\\) denote the number of representations of the natural number \\(n\\) as the sum of \\(s\\) \\(k\\)-th powers of positive integers. A heuristic application of the Hardy-Littlewood circle method suggests an asymptotic formula for \\(R_{s,k}(n)\\) if \\(k\\geq 3\\) and \\(s\\geq k+1\\). Let \\(\\tilde{G}(k)\\) denote the least integer \\(t\\) with the property that, for all \\(s\\geq t\\) and all sufficiently large natural numbers \\(n\\), this asymptotic formula holds. Hardy and Littlewood [\\textit{G. H. Hardy} and \\textit{J. E. Littlewood}, Math. Z. 12, 161--188 (1922; JFM 48.0146.01)] established the bound \\(\\tilde{G}(k)\\leq (k-2)2^{k-2}+5\\). Since then, a lot of research has been done to improve this bound, carried out in particular by the author. In the present paper, the bound \\(\\tilde{G}(k)\\leq 2k^2+2k-3\\) is established for \\(k\\geq 2\\). As further applications, the author considers bounds for \\(f_k(\\boldsymbol{\\alpha},X)\\) with single \\(\\alpha\\) satisfying certain Diophantine properties, and small values of \\(\\min_{1\\leq n\\leq N} \\|\\alpha_1n+\\alpha_2n^2+\\dots+\\alpha_kn^k\\|\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIt is outside the scope of this review to give a comprehensive account of the process of efficient congruencing. The main ideas are described briefly below. Vinogradov's classical approach starts off with choosing a prime \\(p\\) in a range of the form \\([X^{\\theta},2X^{\\theta}]\\), where \\(\\theta\\) must satisfy the inequality \\(\\theta\\leq 1/k\\). Then one divides the exponential sum in question according to residue classes of \\(x\\) modulo \\(p\\). Now one applies H\u00f6lder's inequality to bound \\(J_{s+k,k}(X)\\) and evaluates explicitly the resulting integral, which leads to the problem of counting solutions to a system of certain congruences modulo powers \\(p^j\\) with \\(1\\leq j\\leq k\\), which can be expressed as counting solutions to a single congruence modulo \\(p^k\\). If \\(\\theta=1/k\\), this congruence is forced to obey a diagonal condition, forcing it into an equation. The number of its solutions can be re-interpreted as another mean value which can be bounded in terms of \\(J_{s,k}(X/p)\\). Thus, one has bounded \\(J_{s+k,k}(X)\\) in terms of \\(J_{s,k}(X/p)\\), from which a bound for \\(J_{s,k}(X)\\) in terms of \\(X\\), \\(s\\) and \\(k\\) can be derived. The author refined this approach [\\textit{T. Wooley}, Mathematika 39, 379--399 (1992; Zbl 0769.11055)], which led him to a big improvement over the classical bound for \\(J_{s,k}(X)\\). He assumes that \\(\\theta<1/k\\) and re-interpretes the above-mentioned congruences as equations in a different way. The number of their solutions is expressed as a mean value of a new exponential sum. An application of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality bounds this mean value in terms of \\(J_{s,k}(X/p)\\) and a new mean value that counts integral solutions of a system of Diophantine equations. This application of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality introduces a differencing step. After re-interpreting the last-mentioned counting problem as a mean value, the whole procedure can be applied again, based on a new prime \\(\\tilde{p}\\). Repeating this leads to an iteration which the author terms \\textit{repeated efficient differencing process}.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIn the classical approach as well as the author's refined treatment described above, the underlying idea is to introduce a \\textit{differencing} step to create congruences with \\(2k\\) variables that are forced to satisfy a diagonal condition, thus producing a new equation. The paper under review takes another viewpoint, putting emphasis on the creation of efficient \\textit{congruence} conditions. The starting point is an initial condition modulo \\(p\\) amongst \\(2s\\) variables, from which a stronger condition modulo \\(p^k\\) is derived. The next step is to extract, in a similar fashion, a fresh condition modulo \\(p^{k^2}\\) from the aforementioned condition modulo \\(p^k\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThis process can be repeated, creating stronger and stronger congruence conditions. The author terms this iteration process \\textit{efficient congruencing}. The details, however, involve many subtleties whose description goes beyond this review.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThis is a remarkable piece of work which has opened a new line of approaching mean values of exponential sums. 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