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Le probl\u00e8me consiste \u00e0 repr\u00e9senter, de fa\u00e7on pr\u00e9cise et efficace du point de vue du calcul, une fonction dont les ``structures'' sont localis\u00e9es, ou dans l'espace physique, ou dans l'espace des fr\u00e9quences. Dans ce cadre des m\u00e9thodes de repr\u00e9sentation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es et se sont affin\u00e9es dans un pass\u00e9 r\u00e9cent. Elles comprennent en particulier celles concernant les ondelettes. Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment commun aux divers proc\u00e9d\u00e9s est le d\u00e9composition d'une fonction suivant des termes correspondant \u00e0 la position physique et \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle. L'auteur rapelle d'abord bri\u00e8vement la construction de Haar en tant qu'exemple assez simple de d\u00e9composition \u00e0 niveaux multiples. Il consid\u00e8re la fonction caract\u00e9ristique de l'intervalle \\([0,1)\\), d\u00e9not\u00e9e \\(\\varphi (x)\\) et qu'il d\u00e9signe par ondelette p\u00e8re de Haar. Il d\u00e9finit les fonctions d'\u00e9chelle \\(\\varphi_{jk} (x)\\), \\(\\forall j\\), \\(k\\in \\mathbb{Z}\\), qui r\u00e9sultent de translations et de dilatations de \\(\\varphi\\). Par ailleurs il proc\u00e8de de mani\u00e8re analogue \u00e0 propos de l'ondelette m\u00e8re de Haar \\(\\psi(x)\\) et des fonctions \\(\\psi_{jk} (x)\\) qui repr\u00e9sentent des oscillatons. Le pas suivant revient \u00e0 illustrer la d\u00e9finition et les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s les plus remarquables d'une d\u00e9composition ``multiniveaux''. L'auteur est dor\u00e9navent \u00e0 m\u00eame de caract\u00e9riser les espaces d'interpolation; \u00e0 cet effet il se base sur la sommabilit\u00e9 de suites pond\u00e9r\u00e9es convenables des normes des diff\u00e9rents termes. En outre, en guise d'exemples, la notion de base d'ondelettes (bi-)orthogonales ainsi que celle d'\u00e9l\u00e9ments finis hi\u00e9rarchiques sont illustr\u00e9es. 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