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paper presents the Maxwell equations in the formalism of differential forms. In the stationary case (electrostatics and magnetostatics), these differential forms are considered in Euclidean space \\(\\mathbb{R}^3\\) or, more generally, in a three-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold. The electric field is given by a closed 1-form which satisfies \\(dE=0\\), and the magnetic field by a 2-form which fulfills \\(dB=0\\). The Hodge operator \\(\\star\\) is defined for an oriented manifold of dimension \\(n\\) which allows, among other things, to write the Maxwell equations in a non-orientable spacetime. Next, \\(B\\) and \\(E\\) are constructed by means of a 2-form in \\({\\mathbb{R}}^4: F=B+E\\wedge dt\\), which together with the 3-form \\(j=\\rho dx\\wedge dy\\wedge dz - J\\wedge dt\\) leads to the following form of the Maxwell equations: \\(dF=0, d^{\\star}F=\\pm 4\\pi{\\mu_0\\over \\varepsilon_0}\\star j\\). The second equation can also be derived as the Euler-Lagrange equations of a variational principle. Introducing a fibre bundle \\(E\\) over a manifold, the covariant derivative or connection \\(\\nabla\\) is introduced as the derivative of a section \\(S\\) evaluated at the point \\(x_0\\in M\\), in the direction \\(V\\in T_{x_0}M\\). In this way, if \\(E=M\\times{\\mathbb{R}}^{n}\\), \\(\\nabla_iS=\\frac{\\partial S} {\\partial x_i}+A_i(x)\\), where \\(A_i(x)\\) are endomorphisms of \\({\\mathbb{R}}^n\\) depending on \\(x\\). For such a connection, considering a loop \\(\\gamma\\), a holonomy \\(e^{i\\int_{\\gamma}A}\\) can be introduced. As an example, the author considers a three-dimensional manifold \\(M\\) and a connection which has curvature \\(F=eB/\\hbar\\), where \\(e,\\hbar\\) are physical constants and \\(B\\) is a stationary magnetic field. This will impose a quantization of the magnetic field \\(e\\int_{S}B\\in hZ\\) if we consider a 2-cycle \\(S\\) on \\(M\\). This condition is connected to the occurence of magnetic monopoles. Another given example is the parallel transport performed by \\(e^{iq\\int_{\\gamma}A/\\hbar}\\) which is related to the Aharonov-Bohm effect in quantum mechanics. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0882.00016].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q4379908$DD228840-297D-4E1B-A014-D642288F45F8","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:4379908","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:4379908"}}}}}