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sign pattern of a real square matrix is the associated \\((0,\\pm1)\\)-matrix whose entries are the signs of the entries of the given matrix. When calculating the square (or higher powers) of a sign pattern, indeterminate signs arise when adding a plus and a minus; these are given the symbol \\(\\#\\). Clearly the number of sign patterns of a given real square matrix is finite, so for a given sign pattern there exist positive integers \\(l\\), \\(p\\) such that \\(A^l = A^{l + p}\\) is the first repeated pair in the sequence \\(A,A^2,A^3, \\dots\\). The integer \\(l\\) is called the base of \\(A\\) and \\(p\\) is called the period of \\(A\\). Furthermore, \\(A\\) is said to be powerful if none of its powers contains a \\(\\#\\), otherwise nonpowerful. Finally, it is said to be primitive if the matrix obtained from \\(A\\) by changing each of its minuses to a plus has the property: some power consists of nothing but 1's. The authors show that the base \\(l\\) of a primitive nonpowerful sign pattern \\(A\\) is the least positive integer \\(l\\) such that every entry of \\(A^i\\) is \\(\\#\\). The proof uses graph theoretical methods, which are often useful when studying powers of square matrices.NEWLINENEWLINEThe associated digraph \\(D(A)\\) of a sign pattern \\(A\\) of order \\(n\\) has vertex set \\(V= \\{1,2,\\dots,n\\}\\) and edge set \\(E= \\{(i,j) \\mid a_{ij} \\neq 0\\}\\). The associated signed digraph \\(S(A)\\) of \\(A\\) is obtained from \\(D(A)\\) by directing each edge according to the sign of \\(a_{ij}\\). The authors study the connections between \\(A\\) and \\(S(A)\\). For a primitive nonpowerful sign pattern \\(A\\) of order \\(n\\) and with base \\(l > \\frac{3}{2} n^2 - 2n+4\\), some properties of the cycles in \\(A(A)\\) are obtained and some upper bounds are derived. 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