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It focuses on the most important problems, approaches and results in the mathematical theory of age-dependent models with or without diffusion. Special attention is given to optimal harvesting and to exact controllability problems, which are very important from the economical and ecological point of view. These subjects are treated using new concepts and techniques of modern optimal control theory, such as Clarke's generalized gradient, Ekeland's variational principle, and Carleman estimates. The book is intended for graduate students whose background includes basic courses in functional analysis, and ordinary and partial differential equations. It will also be of great interest to researchers in applied mathematics, control theory and biology. 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