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ocean presents an exciting array of dynamical phenomena. The complex time dependence of the flow fields, the relevance of effects at a variety of scales, and the difficulty in collecting data all serve to make this a rich area for the application of dynamical systems. Here the authors address the question of Lagrangian transport in and around coherent features in the ocean. Examples of such features are the Gulf Stream and rings that detach from it. The focus is on the development of geometric techniques to track and quantify this transport. The key method is the isolation of invariant manifolds that act as boundaries of distinguished regions in the flow, such as eddies and recirculating cells, and orchestrate the transport associated with a given feature. In simple models, these are stable and unstable manifolds of fixed points. In flows with complex time dependence, such as occur in the ocean, such manifolds may not always make sense. The authors make the case in the paper that these basic concepts of dynamical systems need to be adapted to accommodate such complex flows and that, moreover, this can be achieved with meaningful and significant results for the ocean and atmosphere. The concept being put forward here is that an improved understanding of the phenomena is obtained through images of Lagrangian structures that delineate the coherent features. In contrast to Eulerian characterizations that represent features in terms of distributions of scalars at frozen times, Lagrangian characterizations contain dynamic information about the fluid, such as which particles will be entrained into the feature and which will leave the feature. In this article and the papers to which it refers, it is shown that such a Lagrangian map of coherent features can be formed by generating what is called ``effective invariant manifolds''. These are slices of material surfaces that are tied to regions of strong hyperbolicity (stretching and compressing). These regions themselves are attendant to the coherent features under consideration. An operational strategy depends on the idea of ``straddling'' the stable directions to pin the manifold down, and extending it under the expansion of the flow in the unstable directions. These manifolds lead to naturally defined boundaries of the coherent feature and also contain all the information concerning transport into and out of the feature, as well as between its constituent parts. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0982.37002].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q4550334$6D57B568-6CAC-4561-AAC2-681D859D5F5F","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:4550334","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:4550334"}}}}}