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The author studies the asymptotic behavior of \\textit{periodic pseudo-distances} on \\(G\\), that is, pseudo-distances that are invariant under a co-compact subgroup of \\(G\\) and satisfy a weak kind of existence of geodesics axiom. As a consequence, he obtains the following: There exists \\(c(\\Omega)>0\\) and an integer \\(d(\\Omega)\\geq 0\\) depending on \\(G\\) only such that  \\[ \\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\frac{\\mathrm{vol}_G(\\Omega^n)}{n^{d(G)}}=c(\\Omega). \\]  The integer \\(n(d)\\) is the growth exponent of a naturally associated graded nilpotent Lie group, the asymptotic cone of \\(G\\) and the constant \\(c(\\Omega)\\) is interpreted as the volume of the unit ball of a sub-Riemannian Finsler metric on this nilpotent Lie group.  This result extends a result of \\textit{P. Pansu} [Ergodic Theory Dyn. Syst. 3, 415--445 (1983; Zbl 0509.53040)].  The author also proves the following: There exists a connected and simply connected solvable Lie group \\(S\\) of type \\((R)\\) which is weakly commensurable to \\(G\\).  Such a Lie group is called a Lie shadow of \\(G\\).  A direct consequence of the last mentioned result is that if \\(\\rho\\) belongs to a class of metrics called \\textit{periodic pseudo-distances} on \\(G\\) (this class includes both left-invariant word metrics on \\(G\\) and geodesic metrics that are left-invariant under a co-compact subgroup of \\(G\\)), then \\((G,\\rho)\\) is \\((1,C)\\)-quasi-isometric to \\((S,\\rho_S)\\) for some finite \\(C>0\\), where \\(S\\) is a connected and simply connected solvable Lie group of type \\((R)\\) and \\((\\rho_S)\\) some periodic metric on \\(S\\).  Another result obtained is the following: Let \\(S\\) be a simply connected solvable Lie group with polynomial growth. Let \\(\\rho\\) be a periodic pseudo-distance on \\(S\\) which is invariant under a co-compact subgroup \\(H\\) of \\(S\\). On the manifold \\(S\\) one can put a new Lie group structure which turns \\(S\\) into a stratified nilpotent Lie group, the graded nilshadow of \\(S\\), and a sub-Finsler metric \\(d_\\infty (x,y)\\) on \\(S\\) which is left-invariant for this new group structure such that  \\[ \\frac{\\rho(e,g)}{d_\\infty(e,g)}\\to 1 \\]  as \\(g\\to\\infty\\) in \\(S\\).  The paper contains several other results on locally compact groups of polynomial 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