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closed hypersurface \\(M^s\\subset\\mathbb S^{s+1}\\) is called isoparametric if its principal curvatures are constant. A fundamental result by \\textit{H.-F. M\u00fcnzner} [Math. Ann. 256, 215--232 (1981; Zbl 0438.53050)] says that the number of distinct principal curvatures is \\(g=1,2,3,4,6\\), and all isoparametric hypersurfaces with \\(g\\leq 3\\) are known. For \\(g=4\\), \\textit{D. Ferus, H. Karcher} and \\textit{H.-F. M\u00fcnzner} [Math. Z. 177, 479--502 (1981; Zbl 0443.53037)] gave a general construction of such hypersurfaces using representations of Clifford algebras. Associated to any isoparametric hypersurface \\(M\\) is a certain metric graph \\(\\Gamma_M\\), whose edges are those great circle segments of length \\(\\pi/g\\) in \\(\\mathbb S^{s+1}\\) which are normal to \\(M\\) and whose endpoints are focal points. As \\(M\\) separates the sphere into two pieces, this graph is bipartite in a natural way. Furthermore, it is not difficult to show that \\(\\Gamma_M\\) has diameter \\(\\pi\\). If \\(\\Gamma_M\\) is in addition CAT\\((1)\\), i.e. if any two points \\(x,y\\in\\Gamma_M\\) with distance less than \\(\\pi\\) are joined by a unique geodesic path in the graph, then \\(\\Gamma_M\\) is a generalized \\(g\\)-gon, i.e. a spherical building of rank \\(2\\). For \\(g\\leq 3\\), one can show (even without using the classification) that this additional CAT\\((1)\\)-condition is satisfied, see \\textit{N. Knarr} and \\textit{L. Kramer} [Geom. Dedicata 58, No. 2, 193--202 (1995; Zbl 0839.53044)]. \\textit{G. Thorbergsson} [Duke Math. J. 67, No.~3, 627--632 (1992; Zbl 0765.51015)] proved that for the isoparametric hypersurfaces of Clifford type, \\(\\Gamma_M\\) is indeed a generalized quadrangle; a different proof was given later by the reviewer [Geom. Dedicata 79, No. 3, 321--339 (2000; Zbl 0958.51006)]. In the present setting, the two vertex sets \\(V_\\pm\\Gamma_M\\) of the bipartite graph are smooth submanifolds in \\(\\mathbb S^{s+1}\\), namely the focal manifolds \\(M_\\pm\\) of \\(M\\). It is thus natural to ask if the map \\(f\\) that associates to any two vertices \\(x,y\\) at graph-theoretic distance \\(d_{\\Gamma_M}(x,y)=\\pi (g-1)/g\\) the unique vertex \\(z=f(x,y)\\) at distance \\(\\pi/g\\) from \\(x\\) on the geodesic path from \\(x\\) to \\(y\\) is continuous or even smooth. If this is the case, \\(\\Gamma_M\\) is called a topological (resp. a smooth) generalized \\(g\\)-gon. The fact that the generalized quadrangles arising from isoparametric hypersurfaces of Clifford type are smooth was claimed in [Zbl 0765.51015] (the continuity is easy to see). In the present paper, the author gives a detailed, clean proof of this, based on algebraic considerations and differential topology. Meanwhile, he managed to prove more generally that for any isoparametric hypersurface with \\(g=4\\) distinct principal curvatures, \\(\\Gamma_M\\) is a smooth generalized quadrangle [the author, J. Reine Angew. Math. 554, 1--17 (2003; Zbl 1215.53053)]. This had been conjectured for a long time, but no correct proof had been given before.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q4779996$CC1BDAB5-DFD5-4BFC-A2AD-C1DCB6815C40","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Smooth genereralized quadrangles and isoparametric hypersurfaces of Clifford type","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Smooth_genereralized_quadrangles_and_isoparametric_hypersurfaces_of_Clifford_type"}}}}}