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\\(F_k\\) be the free group of rank \\(k\\) freely generated by \\(x_1,\\dots,x_k\\) and write \\(d(G)\\) for the minimal number of generators of the finitely generated group \\(G\\). It is said that a normal subgroup \\(N\\) of \\(F_k\\) is a \\(G\\)-defining subgroup of \\(F_k\\) if \\(F_k/N\\cong G\\). Denote the set of all \\(G\\)-defining subgroups of \\(F_k\\) by \\(\\Sigma(G,k)\\). Let \\(k\\geq d(G)\\) (note that \\(\\Sigma(G,k)\\) is not empty if and only if \\(k\\geq d(G)\\)), then there is a natural action of \\(\\Aut(F_k)\\) on \\(\\Sigma(G,k)\\) defined by \\(N\\longmapsto N\\sigma\\) where \\(N\\in\\Sigma(G,k)\\) and \\(\\sigma\\in\\Aut(F_k)\\). The orbits of this action are called \\(T_k\\)-systems of \\(G\\). \\textit{B. H. Neumann} and \\textit{H. Neumann} [Math. Nachr. 4, 106-125 (1951; Zbl 0042.02102)] introduced the notion of generating \\(G\\)-vectors which enabled them to define an equivalent action of \\(\\Aut(F_k)\\) that is more manageable. A generating \\(k\\)-vector of a group \\(G\\) is an ordered \\(k\\)-tuple \\({\\mathbf v}=(g_1,\\dots,g_k)\\) with \\(g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k\\in G\\) such that \\(\\langle g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k\\rangle=G\\). The set of all generating \\(k\\)-vectors of \\(G\\) is denoted by \\({\\mathcal N}_k(G)\\). Consider an arbitrary \\(\\sigma\\in\\Aut(F_k)\\). We have \\(x_i\\sigma^{-1}=w_i(x_1,x_2,\\dots,x_k)\\) where \\(w_i\\) are uniquely determined words in \\(x_1,x_2\\dots,x_k\\) for each \\(i\\in\\{1,\\dots,k\\}\\). For each \\({\\mathbf v}=(g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k)\\in{\\mathcal N}_k(G)\\), it is defined \\[ {\\mathbf v}\\sigma=(w_1(g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k),w_2(g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k),\\dots,w_k(g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k)). \\] This defines an action of \\(\\Aut(F_k)\\) on \\({\\mathcal N}_k(G)\\). Also it is defined an action of \\(\\Aut(G)\\) on \\({\\mathcal N}_k(G)\\) by \\((g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k)\\theta=(g_1\\theta,g_2\\theta,\\dots,g_k\\theta)\\), for all \\(\\theta\\in\\Aut(G)\\). Let \\(\\widehat{{\\mathcal N}}_k(G)\\) denote the set of \\(\\Aut(G)\\)-orbits of \\({\\mathcal N}_k(G)\\) and let \\(\\widehat{{\\mathbf u}}\\) denote the orbit containing \\({\\mathbf u}\\in{\\mathcal N}_k(G)\\). Now it can be defined an action of \\(\\Aut(F_k)\\) on \\(\\widehat{{\\mathcal N}}_k(G)\\) by \\(\\widehat{{\\mathbf u}}\\sigma=\\widehat{{\\mathbf u}\\sigma}\\) for all \\(\\widehat{{\\mathbf u}}\\in\\widehat{{\\mathcal N}}_k(G)\\) and all \\(\\sigma\\in\\Aut(F_k)\\). In [loc. cit.], Neumann and Neumann proved that the action of \\(\\Aut(F_k)\\) on \\(\\Sigma(G,n)\\) is equivalent to its action on \\(\\widehat{{\\mathcal N}}_k(G)\\). The orbits of the action of \\(\\Aut(F_k)\\) on \\(\\widehat{{\\mathcal N}}_k(G)\\) are also called \\(T_k\\)-systems of \\(G\\). We denote by \\(\\widetilde{{\\mathbf u}}\\) the orbit of the latter action containing \\(\\widehat{{\\mathbf u}}\\in\\widehat{{\\mathcal N}}_k(G)\\) where \\({\\mathbf u}\\in{\\mathcal N}_k(G)\\). Let \\(w\\) be a non-trivial word in the free group \\(F_k\\). It is said that \\(w\\) is `invariant' on \\(T_k\\)-systems of \\(G\\) if, for every two generating \\(G\\)-vectors \\({\\mathbf v}=(g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k)\\) and \\({\\mathbf u}=(h_1,h_2,\\dots,h_k)\\) of \\(G\\) such that \\(\\widetilde{{\\mathbf v}}=\\widetilde{{\\mathbf u}}\\), we have \\[ \\{w(g_1\\theta,g_2\\theta,\\dots,g_k\\theta)^{\\pm 1}\\mid\\theta\\in\\Aut(G)\\}=\\{w(h_1\\theta,h_2\\theta,\\dots,h_k\\theta)^{\\pm 1}\\mid\\theta\\in\\Aut(G)\\}. \\] By a result of Higman, the commutator \\([x_1,x_2]\\) is invariant on \\(T_2\\)-systems of every group \\(G\\) with \\(d(G)\\leq 2\\) (see [\\textit{B. H. Neumann}, Arch. Math. 7, 87-90 (1956; Zbl 0075.23903)] and [\\textit{I. Pak}, Ohio State Univ. Math. Res. Inst. Publ. 8, 301-347 (2001; Zbl 0986.68172)]). In [loc. cit.], \\textit{B. H. Neumann} asks whether there exists a generalization of Higman's result for \\(T_k\\)-systems with \\(k\\geq 3\\). In the paper under review, the authors give a negative answer to this question: (Theorem 1.1) For every non-trivial word \\(w\\in F_k\\), where \\(k\\geq 3\\), there exists a finite group \\(G\\), such that \\(w\\) is not invariant on \\(T_k\\)-systems in \\(G\\). The proof of Theorem 1.1 is based on a result by \\textit{R. Gilman} [Can. J. Math. 29, 541-551 (1977; Zbl 0332.20010)], that for each \\(k\\geq 3\\), the group \\(\\text{PSL}(2,p)\\) (\\(p\\) is a prime \\(\\geq 5\\)) has a unique \\(T_k\\)-system. In fact, the authors prove that the map \\(\\phi_w\\colon{\\mathcal N}_k(G)\\to G\\) where \\(\\phi_w(g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k)=w(g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k)\\) for every generating \\(G\\)-vector \\((g_1,g_2,\\dots,g_k)\\) of \\(G\\), takes unboundedly many values on this \\(T_k\\)-system, when \\(p\\to\\infty\\). The proof idea was motivated by a recent paper [\\textit{M. W. Liebeck, A. Shalev}, Ann. Math. (2) 154, No. 2, 383-406 (2001; Zbl 1003.20014)]. The second result of the paper under review is Theorem 1.2.: The number of \\(T_2\\)-systems in \\(\\text{PSL}(2,p)\\) (\\(p\\) prime) is unbounded as \\(p\\to\\infty\\). This result is due to \\textit{M. Evans} [Ph. D. Thesis, University of Wales (1985)], who proved it by an explicit construction. A similar result for alternating groups \\(A_n\\) was obtained in [\\textit{I. Pak}, loc. cit.] by using Higman's result and a simple combinatorial construction.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q4804047$C4C71E53-6639-4B11-8BF3-B82578F99E14","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"On a question of B. H. Neumann","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/On_a_question_of_B._H._Neumann"}}}}}