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Let \\(X\\) be a complex Banach space and denote by \\(L\\mathcal R(X)\\) the set of linear relations defined in \\(X\\). Let \\(T\\in L\\mathcal R(X)\\) be a closed linear relation. The authors introduce the following essential spectra  \\[ \\begin{aligned} & \\sigma_{eap}(T):=\\bigcap\\limits_{K\\in K_T(X)}\\sigma_{ap}(T+K),\\\\ & \\sigma_{e\\delta}(T):=\\bigcap\\limits_{K\\in K_T(X)}\\sigma_\\delta(T+K),\\end{aligned} \\]  where \\(K_T(X):=\\{K\\in L\\mathcal R(X): K\\text{ is compact, }\\mathcal D(T)\\subset \\mathcal D(K), K(0)\\subset T(0)\\}\\), \\(\\sigma_{ap}(T):=\\{\\lambda\\in\\mathbb C: T-\\lambda \\text{ not bounded from below}\\}\\) and \\(\\sigma_{\\delta}(T):=\\{\\lambda\\in\\mathbb C: T-\\lambda \\text{ is not surjective}\\}\\).  The main result of the paper says that {\\parindent=0.6cm \\begin{itemize}\\item[(1)] \\(\\lambda\\notin\\sigma_{eap}(T)\\) if and only if \\(T-\\lambda\\) is an upper semi-Fredholm linear relation with negative index; \\item[(2)] \\(\\lambda\\notin\\sigma_{e\\delta}(T)\\) if and only if \\(T-\\lambda\\) is a lower semi-Fredholm linear relation with positive index.   \\end{itemize}} This result is applied in order to obtain a generalization of the spectral mapping theorem for closed operators to the context of linear relations. More precisely, the authors prove that, if \\(T\\) is a linear relation with nonempty resolvent set and \\(P\\) is a complex polynomial, then {\\parindent=0.6cm \\begin{itemize}\\item[(1)] \\(\\sigma_{eap}(P(T))\\subset P(\\sigma_{eap}(T)\\)); \\item[(2)] \\(\\sigma_{e\\delta}(P(T))\\subset P(\\sigma_{e\\delta}(T)\\)).   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