{"entities":{"Q503810":{"pageid":505577,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q503810","lastrevid":62371500,"modified":"2026-04-11T05:38:27Z","type":"item","id":"Q503810","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The analogue of Hilbert's 1888 theorem for even symmetric forms"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6676885"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$B5C6F662-81EA-42E5-BF13-1185CB93A473","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"a851b3d8cdb880a14ac260257f502265915835f4","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The analogue of Hilbert's 1888 theorem for even symmetric forms","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$6B640B38-FED7-4C1C-8500-9044859F6350","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"d34509a887d743e42607e8a989ebd4bc908434da","datavalue":{"value":"1367.11046","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$A3EC0ED4-5FF1-474E-AA09-6ABBC5E4C811","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"b88468d038abccb36b47402ac4aff8e02871d6d3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":252467,"id":"Q252467"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$E4C7316F-A8D1-474E-B419-7CEDC44C25A0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"67721f79b349571ff4fb3500362367f7bcbb92e1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":252468,"id":"Q252468"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$71DE9454-FFA5-490C-8982-DDA52BD77382","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"1d2886016cdf899a67334136e6cf9d95c25ff9e7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":210457,"id":"Q210457"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$5974A1C8-2A34-44F7-BBBD-04CB3A90AD85","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"34a2791b3d9645796ba9cdff19dd05bcf40f0161","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":168348,"id":"Q168348"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$4D5132B8-FD14-44A1-90C6-BF5C600D6329","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"13151eb7b59fad0bb38cfdc202f36a9940106a32","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2017-01-23T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$B4A5CB1D-2A62-4AB7-B0E0-5F7850FEF586","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"bbda478fb8b8e8b6d9de8a8b2527fa1b62d562f5","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.07482","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$527D0547-4563-41F9-8F8E-39F78910B430","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"487e99468b896be841a966ab1540756f75a5f01d","datavalue":{"value":"The authors prove an analogue of Hilbert's famous theorem of 1888: If \\(f\\) is a positive semidefinite (psd) real form in \\(n\\) variables of degree \\(2d\\), then \\(f\\) is a sum of squares (sos) if and only if \\(n=2\\) or \\(d=1\\) or \\((n,2d)=(3,4)\\). A form \\(f(x_1,\\ldots,x_n)\\) is \\textit{symmetric} if \\(f(x_{\\sigma 1},\\ldots,x_{\\sigma n})=f(x_1,\\ldots,x_n)\\) for all \\(\\sigma\\in S_n\\), and is \\textit{even} if each variable has even degree in every term. The authors investigate whether every even symmetric psd form is sos. Let \\({\\mathcal S}{\\mathcal P} ^e_{n,2d}\\) and \\({\\mathcal S}{\\Sigma} ^e_{n,2d}\\) denote, respectively, the sets of even symmetric psd and even symmetric sos forms in \\(n\\) variables of degree \\(2d\\), and put \\({\\Delta}_{n,2d}={\\mathcal S}{\\mathcal P} ^e_{n,2d}\\backslash{\\mathcal S}{\\Sigma} ^e_{n,2d}\\). Clearly \\({\\mathcal S}{\\Sigma} ^e_{n,2d}\\subseteq{\\mathcal S}{\\mathcal P} ^e_{n,2d}\\), so the question is when \\({\\Delta}_{n,2d}\\) is empty. The answer has been established by several authors in all cases except in the following: \\((n,8)\\) for \\(n\\geq 5\\), \\((3,2d)\\) for \\(d\\geq 6\\) and \\((n,2d)\\) for \\(n\\geq 4, d\\geq 5\\). The authors prove that the answer is negative in all these outstanding cases and thus establish the main theorem: An even symmetric psd form of degree \\(2d\\) in \\(n\\) variables is sos if and only if \\(n=2\\) or \\(d=1\\) or \\((n,2d)=(n,4)\\) with \\(n\\geq 3\\) or \\((n,2d)=(3,8)\\). This result is very similar to Hilbert's and the proof also follows Hilbert's approach. The authors use known explicit examples and the degree jumping principle (Theorem 2.3) to reduce the problem to the following basic cases: \\((n,8)\\) for \\(n\\geq 4\\), \\((n,10)\\) for \\(n\\geq 3\\) and \\((n,12)\\) for \\(n\\geq 3\\) (Theorem 2.4). These basic cases are then proved in Theorems 3.1, 4.1 and 4.6, and the article is concluded with a list of explicit examples used.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$6C20608C-A9EA-45A2-BD01-FEE103DFB55F","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"acc8825afb1ce7b8ff7cbc2bdce3c2151b0213df","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":589792,"id":"Q589792"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$F62250FC-5C59-4501-A3F5-3756A6A245E1","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"1fd98ee712f85e43ff9029fa787b8edfa82ce1eb","datavalue":{"value":"11E76","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$7FFE2B50-54DC-469B-AE2E-015B81DF6E3C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"495845c8213cf842ac820948f1353b4cef3062a2","datavalue":{"value":"11E25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$F4E69138-3E85-411B-BF9B-7898C209D54D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7c0637e7b050f6adf2c874d977065bc44a0cb21a","datavalue":{"value":"05E05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$02525D31-019A-4B23-BD3C-2B027857B0E6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"94a258fd6e09d2d582bb6c52c7992ac55d0da749","datavalue":{"value":"14P10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$9F59216D-CB8A-4089-9D56-88D98DC49439","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"ca24cf800e10a0e881ba3ae21795a35a34d50c87","datavalue":{"value":"6676885","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$C90CCB05-1975-41E2-A64C-2CBED7032B1B","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f13cdc9ec46d99aeb599599f965d0ef39480794e","datavalue":{"value":"real form","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$807763A9-4DE0-4796-86EA-959F0510F244","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"817907956846269002179f8fc9f1ff5ebed004b8","datavalue":{"value":"positive semidefinite form","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$39CFD014-66F5-4902-BEBA-0B7BC8044E9C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"310c4e00f91f9b6278a98ec4eed6669527225bfb","datavalue":{"value":"sum of squares","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$E7EDDEE8-9641-4288-8821-274F2D5BC7D1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"d0423082d0ce8af1d9a33d4bfcd96e8981cb5cab","datavalue":{"value":"symmetric form","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$1A4EB2CA-683C-4928-9CD8-6798189AC824","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"59501be3a28f46634378547c638f4dbb79eb5012","datavalue":{"value":"even form","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$ECB10E13-7BB3-4B0D-A03B-5CAF36A7027C","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$37EA665B-82EA-4020-8CB8-1AAF9CA3CFC0","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"5de3d59c2884f4ba6f748e355a8f302f1f481c96","datavalue":{"value":"W2210328024","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$1248D52B-2510-48D2-BCA6-AD06C68A709D","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4b3bb7ac6d3d120fdf68e6cd37873219cb4c0bbd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4161415,"id":"Q4161415"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$56CCA045-CA94-4E26-9AEC-7380D2700E1B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"21f777fb83998c4da11fb9eb45c8c5f749130f9e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1108309,"id":"Q1108309"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$85B4DF97-97DB-49F6-90EA-A18EEA6B0DAD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ae66f96a71865ea0546f23a89df33cdeafdf2b14","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2440563,"id":"Q2440563"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$232DB7F7-BA53-437D-AE6E-CF42EC0C96D3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9066a512a8e2feea2f0f8c948c70db34dedcfd5c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5965392,"id":"Q5965392"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$91AC4AB7-F5A2-4153-AEB4-27D0AA97BEEB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"66b0b48a71631fa9c3ff51376483da49a7688769","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1969481,"id":"Q1969481"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$E2D7651B-0827-4222-A365-EB7465988370","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"56decb2d5a70131dde7d70345db97f2d7f815eb2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4699626,"id":"Q4699626"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$B0C9F606-A963-43B3-BC0C-70EF8C6D9E6E","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"21ab0fd43c3ca2e5b0ff178caac77710261f7b40","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/J.JPAA.2016.10.003","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q503810$FFF8508A-C65F-461F-8DCD-2E1B1FF063E3","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"c454b44f22013039f0441f2baaa526cd8742ee36","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5965392,"id":"Q5965392"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"48f9219c270bc27fcc8bb630a0c195f07b0a5662","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9017434120178224","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q503810$1FCAFFCC-F339-49CD-99E4-A43E0BC47744","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"08d7d5a599761d1a9ff5034a7a8a648fd24f1d34","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1969481,"id":"Q1969481"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"77d1a2dec00b89fa40df2ff466c7a595e08b8953","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8191260695457458","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q503810$D0452178-E495-4884-AA56-F35AC423C7C5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"db893672063e5d1a6902335c1c02fb2ebb9399c9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1898132,"id":"Q1898132"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"77d1a2dec00b89fa40df2ff466c7a595e08b8953","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8191260695457458","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q503810$78AEC2BB-645D-48D6-B7DD-A361F004B398","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8d9bc44eae95ab2af1899d2e16fcea213ab9498a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1108309,"id":"Q1108309"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"be4c917eb586fc830ec27ac5a2c4e42196cd4c88","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8062215447425842","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q503810$7084DC56-E88C-49C3-A5B1-A28A954600DA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"af4a71e1806fcb499ab962221ae9e0016a4d13af","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4665020,"id":"Q4665020"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c21452abf7bb4ff857e8f72fc4b6a4db3d9ba9f2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7936680912971497","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q503810$EDD7973D-6D1C-4E65-8A02-E9E21CB343AB","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"The analogue of Hilbert's 1888 theorem for even symmetric forms","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/The_analogue_of_Hilbert%27s_1888_theorem_for_even_symmetric_forms"}}}}}