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Let \\(w_1 : H^j (G_{n, k})\\to H^{j+1}(G_{n, k})\\) be the homomorphism induced by the cup-product with \\(w_1\\). Let \\(\\tilde{G}_{n, k}=\\mathrm{SO}(n)/(\\mathrm{SO}(k)\\times\\mathrm{SO}(n-k))\\) and \\(p : \\tilde{G}_{n, k}\\to {G}_{n, k}\\) be the canonical covering projection. Then we know that \\(\\text{Ker}(w_1) \\cong H^*(\\tilde{G}_{n, k})/\\text{Im}(p^*)\\). Besides, since \\(p^*\\gamma_{n, k}=\\tilde{\\gamma}_{n, k}\\), we have \\(p^*w_i=\\tilde{w_i}\\) where \\(\\tilde{\\gamma}_{n, k}\\) denotes the canonical \\(k\\)-plane bundle over \\(\\tilde{G}_{n, k}\\) and \\(\\tilde{w}_i\\) is its \\(i\\)th Stiefel-Whitney class. So we see that \\(\\text{Im}(p^*)\\) consists only of elements which can be expressed as polynomials in \\(\\tilde{w}_1, \\dots, \\tilde{w}_k\\). This tells us that analyzing \\(\\text{Ker}(w_1)\\) we can get more detailed information and understanding about \\(H^*(\\tilde{G}_{n, k})\\).  In this paper the authors develop new tools for studying this kernel. Let us write \\(\\alpha_j(\\tilde{G}_{n, k})\\) for the dimension of \\(\\text{Ker}(w_1) \\subset H^j (G_{n, k})\\). By \\(\\text{charrank}(\\tilde{\\gamma}_{n, k})\\) we mean the greatest integer \\(q\\) such that \\(\\alpha_i(\\tilde{G}_{n, k})=0\\) \\((0\\leq i\\leq q)\\) and call it the characteristic rank of \\(\\tilde{\\gamma}_{n, k}\\). The authors examine this invariant using an additive basis (called here standard basis) of \\(H^j(G_{n, k})\\) introduced by \\textit{J. W. Milnor} and \\textit{J. D. Stasheff} [Characteristic classes. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press and University of Tokyo Press (1974; Zbl 0298.57008)]. For example, it is proved that \\textit{if \\(1\\leq x \\leq n-k\\), then all the elements in the standard basis for \\(H^{n-k-x}(G_{n, k})\\) are regular, thus we have \\(\\alpha_{n-k-x}(\\tilde{G}_{n, k})=0\\)} (definition omitted). This recovers the result due to the first author [Topology Appl. 153, No. 15, 2976--2986 (2006; Zbl 1099.55001)], which says that if \\(w_1\\) is injective for \\(0\\leq j \\leq n-k-1\\), then \\(\\text{charrank}(\\tilde{\\gamma}_{n, k})\\geq n-k-1\\). For one more example, we have that \\textit{if \\(x \\leq n-k-1\\) and there are \\(t\\) linearly independent elements in the set \\(N_x(G_{n, k})\\), then \\(\\alpha_{n-k+x}(\\tilde{G}_{n, k})\\leq p(\\{1, 2, \\dots, k-1\\}, x)-t\\)}. With these results, the authors obtain new results on bounds of \\(\\text{charrank}(\\tilde{\\gamma}_{n, k})\\). Applying these new ones, the authors succeed in determining the exact values of \\(\\text{charrank}(\\tilde{\\gamma}_{n, 3})\\) and \\(\\text{cup}(\\tilde{\\gamma}_{n, 3})\\) for infinitely many \\(n\\) of the form \\(2^q+1\\), \\(2^q+2\\) and 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