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If the chain is transient or null recurrent, then \\(\\lambda _1\\) characterizes the exponential decay rate of the process. Let  \\[ \\lambda ^{*}=-\\lim _{t\\to \\infty }t^{-1}\\log \\| P(t)\\| _u, \\]  where \\(\\| P(t)\\| _u\\) is the norm of the operator \\(P(t)\\), then \\(\\lambda _1\\geq \\lambda ^*\\). In many typical cases, \\(\\lambda ^*\\) really is in the spectrum. The aim of the paper is to provide variational representation for \\(\\lambda _1\\) for more general chains and is motivated by the works of \\textit{M. D. Donsker} and \\textit{S. R. S. Varadhan} [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 780--783 (1975; Zbl 0353.49039); Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 29, 595--621 (1976; Zbl 0356.35065)]. Using the Donsker-Varadhan \\(I\\)-functional some dual representations are given, they are connected with the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue. 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