{"entities":{"Q532594":{"pageid":534361,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q532594","lastrevid":62598207,"modified":"2026-04-11T07:10:15Z","type":"item","id":"Q532594","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Finite groups have even more conjugacy classes."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5884610"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$D89B7453-D669-49CE-A6AD-635519260760","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"bb5651532782d11f49647ed43571aa67bee42f5c","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Finite groups have even more conjugacy classes.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$39772C68-4130-446B-81FC-36D8CBE64D01","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"9882bc6b9089e5c1295f74435602011b2c505865","datavalue":{"value":"1261.20030","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$482B7E81-C70D-4A57-B646-727F80E3966A","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"07c18af4a2b52c895d8c0ec1c8990f3c4ad0d826","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":273070,"id":"Q273070"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$521F8A16-7AB9-4B5F-9572-96E1920C2326","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"1d50f9b953eac0b2404563f86ad398ee3823cb48","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":173732,"id":"Q173732"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$CF083426-B397-4751-9835-F174E61986EC","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"42bc4f213e589cbf3bc7c38ca77a9e50e3eb689a","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2011-05-05T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$7DED52D4-6DCF-4B23-89D8-DAB8108B2078","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"239827fa3d6c75bd216a01a92ca639c851879137","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0812.2590","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$2B615487-005F-4610-8D45-1BBA25066EDA","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"4c037ea2a76349f193731426a24921bf0d2d0803","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(k(G)\\) denote the number of conjugacy classes of a finite group \\(G\\). A fundamental and venerable problem in Finite Group Theory is finding lower bounds of \\(k(G)\\) in terms of \\(|G|\\); for an excellent survey see [\\textit{E. A. Bertram}, Contemp. Math. 402, 95-117 (2006; Zbl 1104.20026)]. In 1992, \\textit{L. Pyber} [J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 46, No. 2, 239-249 (1992; Zbl 0712.20016)] showed that for every finite group \\(G\\), \\(k(G)\\geq\\varepsilon\\log_2|G|/(\\log_2\\log_2|G|)^8\\) holds for some fixed \\(\\varepsilon>0\\). Moreover, he proved that if \\(G\\) is a solvable group with trivial Frattini subgroup, then \\(k(G)=\\beta\\log_2|G|/(\\log_2\\log_2|G|)^3\\) for some fixed \\(\\beta>0\\).   In the paper under review, the author, following Pyber's arguments, improves his results and obtains stronger lower bounds of \\(k(G)\\). Indeed, he proves the following theorems:   Theorem A: There exists a (explicitly computable) constant \\(\\varepsilon_1>0\\) such that every finite group \\(G\\) with \\(|G|\\geq 4\\) satisfies  \\[ \\kappa(G)\\geq\\varepsilon_1\\log_2|G|/(\\log_2\\log_2|G|)^7, \\]  and if in addition \\(G\\) is solvable, then even  \\[ k(G)\\geq\\varepsilon_1\\log_2|G|/(\\log_2\\log_2|G|). \\]  (Note that the lower bound of the form \\(\\varepsilon_1\\log_2|G|/(\\log_2\\log_2|G|)\\) for solvable groups is the best possible that can be achieved with Pyber's approach.)   Theorem B: There is a (explicitly computable) constant \\(\\beta>0\\) such that for any solvable group with trivial Frattini subgroup we have \\(k(G)>|G|^\\beta\\).   (Note that Theorem A is a consequence of this theorem.)   Theorem C: Let \\(G\\) be a finite solvable group and write \\(c\\) for the nilpotency class of the Frattini subgroup of \\(G\\). Then  \\[ k(G)>\\bigl(\\tfrac{1}{2}c|G|^{\\frac{1}{c}}\\bigr)^{\\beta/3}, \\]  where \\(\\beta\\) is the constant from Theorem B.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$175C29A0-D171-476B-BFBB-A0BD00146E96","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"f72f7275783d806f4b8f69d7ab40d0cbdf810627","datavalue":{"value":"20E45","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$BC5BFE3E-7C53-486A-A7A2-6A3E2D80A65B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"635c77a39b27ee22a5bfcde299ab7a563c7614e1","datavalue":{"value":"20D60","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$91731911-950D-486A-A67E-A411E96B84BE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6733577c02c6cfba3faed14f3a1300c1637a0c39","datavalue":{"value":"20D10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$62CEC7A7-2991-4F51-8C8B-7D1AEE253925","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"893f60534d5d28393dc97297f40ab9fad2028e4e","datavalue":{"value":"5884610","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$65B08594-A8CD-4970-8635-E3C6B7C860A5","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"de99e7f702b6736310c9f87d01eb639db75a4c72","datavalue":{"value":"finite groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$26AE8D3C-2755-4D61-8085-B88B3899556A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a239673b07812eb73b8680b6af1944a334d7c5b1","datavalue":{"value":"numbers of conjugacy classes","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$6882980B-5C5C-4D20-B2E3-B912656CF447","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f1b5c8fef1f9b448bb12f184e99705b3fc80de15","datavalue":{"value":"finite solvable groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$2B6AD958-9A12-40B1-842A-91A6135359FF","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"6e0e3b8a9ef8ce4db54be0d2ed3309063c552bff","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":424303,"id":"Q424303"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$A209A211-9D67-40F5-BDB6-A84FC4E258B9","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$698AAAC7-69E6-4056-B9AC-1DE034686E37","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"656831ffbc29fc8d6dc9e8762e94f1fe1b6eb6df","datavalue":{"value":"W2122716902","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$7468B51C-515A-4AAC-9D24-2165CB3BE322","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"104b28008551a2c3bd7e859fb4364f31316c76b2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1323837,"id":"Q1323837"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$727ED38A-E0EA-4E4F-A252-EDBFC495F8A6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cff04705eefda9aa77a1bf62a25dc8d7b49635da","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1196313,"id":"Q1196313"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$5BAE8182-F9FA-427C-8DA6-3EE5DDB8E2CC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"359c54a7efcef151be560de38531949bd525af0a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4273959,"id":"Q4273959"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$ED58A4A8-3D6F-44E4-9223-B16052324396","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"276b698c523b1e72f58424157a328ebd0c3f6e8e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1113279,"id":"Q1113279"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$96AFEE5B-2D26-4963-A202-EB1CFC33CE7D","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"d638e844924991ab5c56cc4988e55830c160d3d2","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S11856-011-0017-5","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q532594$1B158079-E120-4293-AB0E-8FCD3ACB50A5","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"62bc3da79be1ac232e126099cb83b5c391bfc432","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":516938,"id":"Q516938"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"7d0011f11d6ddef4c100f77ac3c206bdaad4f49d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9072926","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$4BE46090-F3AA-40AA-A5ED-ED9E666A2C62","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8e71c9a0820203d197c478a65c363ee2554d1ed6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4928718,"id":"Q4928718"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3f18866f7a9faf4507f7544429d92fb70156b8f7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9015017","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$CCABBF2A-3A4C-49E7-AC30-BF19E0FACFA7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ca7904fa9fe494b7d50b2c7c7c8c3016491ec67b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3705604,"id":"Q3705604"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1a7f375170a8798ebdb3582efdb62398c1d94ff4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.84675455","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$094B829F-AFF1-4DD9-AE89-05C487F09781","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"126b63b70e86b79e6b5ebf7ef3b92678688d5bd9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3497261,"id":"Q3497261"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8a237c2d4d1cdf968aadd0803d3712d9c8965dda","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8321427","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$F6EA1713-FA54-4489-AAE3-DD53AFAA18D2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"848f51ead3c2097339e7b10a4e041bca652af8fd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3006326,"id":"Q3006326"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3f05d077709e6227d30a20ae4588e32edac2afc2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.829836","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$8D7138C7-EFDF-4173-A60A-677C125BC90F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f86d7cd0d2a08e4324fba170117565ddd2d8a46c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3646105,"id":"Q3646105"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"193e3b76cfe63c1a1246e709c65d9bac572f4770","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.81856334","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$D377810E-22EF-400E-A46C-FF379D42E3D6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"df56a0e5b7e6edc1f39e18f2493bdbc59356a650","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1196313,"id":"Q1196313"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"394fa53529965702df180447c11b90cdf283c2f7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7794104","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$5456C658-90FD-471E-9D76-A8A2F356C72C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a88a6845d055cd415c33b5df6e6acb26a18e47b3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3729150,"id":"Q3729150"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2996c2d55fc2e5e054218172008ef2d631d3c85b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7730404","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$4924FFF5-F216-4B47-A522-CA560D11C000","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5c2f9f63834415c69971ee5d93ba2ab0d26f49a6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5480911,"id":"Q5480911"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"97e7e4f5a1b9ec5a6fd8c1b2a3635df317ae38f8","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.76963633","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$2FDA9E0A-7A0C-4243-8A41-9280CD67BA85","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1fbd9287bf8578cfff41ae4ab511badee93efa03","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1912783,"id":"Q1912783"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"7bc2fc688c035e81c2e4191b48d21d4333a19f24","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.758646","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q532594$5A446D74-B692-4438-AF89-8B7CAE163F01","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Finite groups have even more conjugacy classes.","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Finite_groups_have_even_more_conjugacy_classes."}}}}}