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The main result shows that the principal eigenvalue of \\(L\\) is characterized by the positiveness of the corresponding eigenfunction under appropriate assumptions. In particular, if \\(Lu_0=0 \\) with \\(u_0>0\\) and further, if \\(a\\geq 0\\) and \\(a^\\pm+b^\\pm <0\\), then \\(0\\) is a simple eigenvalue, while all other eigenvalues have negative real part.  This result plays an important role in the study of stability of traveling waves of reaction-diffusion equations with nonlocal interaction such as  \\[  \\partial_t u=\\partial_{xx}u+f(u,\\phi\\ast u),  \\]  the linearization of which around a traveling wave \\(w(x-ct)\\) has the form \\(\\partial_t u(t,x)=L[u(t,\\cdot)](x)\\) with \\(a(x)=\\partial_2 f (w(x),\\phi\\ast w(x))\\) and \\(b(x)=\\partial_1 f (w(x),\\phi\\ast w(x))\\). By this result, the authors further provide the minimax representation of the wave speed. 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