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A compact set \\(\\Gamma\\subset\\mathbb R^n\\) is called a \\(d\\)-set if \\(\\mathcal H_\\Gamma^d(B(\\gamma,r))\\sim r^d\\), \\(\\gamma\\in\\Gamma\\), \\(0<r<\\text{diam}\\Gamma\\), where \\(B(\\gamma,r)\\) is the ball in \\(\\mathbb R^n\\) centered at \\(\\gamma\\) and of radius \\(r\\), and \\(\\mathcal H_\\Gamma^d\\) is the restriction of the Hausdorff measure \\(\\mathcal H^d\\) in \\(\\mathbb R^n\\) to \\(\\Gamma\\). An abstract \\(d\\)-space \\((X,\\varrho,\\mu)\\) is a set \\(X\\) equipped with a quasi-metric \\(\\varrho\\) and a Borel measure \\(\\mu\\) such that \\((X,\\varrho)\\) is complete and \\(\\mu(B(x,r))\\sim r^d\\), \\(x\\in X\\), \\(0<r\\leq\\text{diam}X\\). There exists \\(\\varepsilon_0\\in(0,1]\\) such that, for any \\(\\varepsilon\\in(0,\\varepsilon_0)\\), \\(\\varrho^\\varepsilon\\) is equivalent to a metric. The space \\((X,\\varrho^\\varepsilon,\\mu)\\) is called the snowflaked version of \\((X,\\varrho,\\mu)\\).  The author starts with adapting some known results about the Besov spaces on \\(d\\)-sets in \\(\\mathbb R^n\\) and proving new ones about intrinsic atomic characterisations. Then he shows that for any \\(d\\)-space there is a number \\(\\varepsilon_0\\in(0,1]\\) such that for any \\(\\varepsilon\\in(0,\\varepsilon_0)\\) there is a bi-Lipschitzian map \\(H\\) of \\((X,\\varrho^\\varepsilon,\\mu)\\) onto \\((\\Gamma,\\varrho_n,\\mathcal H_\\Gamma^{d/\\varepsilon})\\) where \\(\\varrho_n(x,y)\\) is the usual Euclidean distance in \\(\\mathbb R^n\\) and \\((\\Gamma,\\varrho_n,\\mathcal H_\\Gamma^{d/\\varepsilon})\\) is a compact \\((d/\\varepsilon)\\)-set in \\(\\mathbb R^n\\). The map \\(H\\) is called a Euclidean chart of \\((X,\\varrho,\\mu)\\). The maps \\(H\\) are illustrated by an example when \\(\\Gamma\\) is the Koch snowflake curve in \\(\\mathbb R^2\\), \\((X,\\varrho,\\mu)\\) is the \\(d\\)-space with \\(X=[0,1]\\), \\(\\varrho(x,y)=| x-y| ^\\varepsilon\\) with \\(\\varepsilon=d^{-1}=\\log3/\\log4\\), and \\(\\mu\\) is the Lebesgue measure in \\(\\mathbb R^1\\).  The snowflaked transforms \\(H\\) are used to define Besov spaces \\(B^s_p(X,\\varrho,\\mu;H)\\), \\(1<p<\\infty\\), \\(s>0\\), as \\(B^{s/\\varepsilon}_p(\\Gamma,\\varrho_n,\\mathcal H^{d/\\varepsilon}_\\Gamma)\\circ H\\). The spaces \\(B^s_p(X,\\varrho,\\mu;H)\\) are characterized intrinsically by quarkonial and by atomic decompositions. The scale of the Besov spaces is extended by duality to \\(s<0\\) and by interpolation to \\(s=0\\).  The author then describes a method (called the standard approach) to introduce the spaces \\(B^s_p(X)\\), \\(1<p<\\infty\\), \\(| s|<\\varepsilon_0\\), as the class of all \\(f\\in(\\text{Lip}^\\varepsilon(X))'\\) with the norm \\(\\| f\\mid B^s_p(X)\\|=\\left(\\sum_{j=0}^\\infty 2^{jsp}\\| E_j f\\mid L_p(X)\\|^p\\right)^{1/p}<\\infty\\), where \\((E_jf)(x)=\\int_X E_j(x,y)f(y)\\mu(dy)\\) with properly defined kernels \\(E_j(x,y)\\). He proves that \\(B^s_p(X;H)=B^s_p(X)\\), i.e., the spaces \\(B^s_p(X;H)\\) for \\(| s|<s_0\\), \\(1<p<\\infty\\) do not depend on the Euclidean charts.  Two applications concern compact embeddings \\(B^{s_1}_{p_1}(X;H)\\hookrightarrow B^{s_2}_{p_2}(X;H)\\) and the corresponding entropy numbers, and the Riesz potentials on \\(d\\)-sets \\(\\Gamma\\) and its eigenvalues.  It should be noted that the paper contains an extensive list of references and the presented theory is contextualized in the state-of-the-art of the recent 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