{"entities":{"Q563548":{"pageid":565315,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q563548","lastrevid":62826486,"modified":"2026-04-11T08:38:27Z","type":"item","id":"Q563548","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"On the representation of a binary quadratic form as a sum of squares of linear forms."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2549456"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$91A1AF4A-0B74-4EDE-BB7D-D26A82C7A02A","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"a9d2594194cb4bb15ffae6a1c02f2db92a9546ad","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"On the representation of a binary quadratic form as a sum of squares of linear forms.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$FFE0D4C7-F507-482A-B660-821D3BA5C3B2","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"b9b137eecb1a9ce5874ed7929297dee212a8090b","datavalue":{"value":"58.0168.01","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$EBFB31B3-81AF-451E-A18D-56FC8DF233D5","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"a0a9485dce90be0050dbb76c472ab617e6226907","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF01186544","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$32A88B43-D98D-46E5-A03D-C29FAA6E875E","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"dfa5bc95e1fdba4c3d3197123373583ef39a5b9e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":163114,"id":"Q163114"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$54403717-E4B3-4034-AEAB-AE105ED9C039","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"7bbb53abe68aac0eeb25dacc2ea1a7274c90a69a","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1932-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$EC09AE29-764C-4B6F-AE46-4D421D8E2460","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"40b82953d343e4fd8697d3febcdb0e1e8fb4f8bd","datavalue":{"value":"https://eudml.org/doc/168340","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$4409F941-D9B1-4863-8B12-D75ECCD49B9A","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"85e4ec7bfab5da262f37fede9c5ac144aafbe311","datavalue":{"value":"Es sei  \\[ f(x_1,x_2,\\ldots,x_N)=\\sum a_{\\varkappa \\lambda }x_\\varkappa x_\\lambda  \\]  eine quadratische Form mit rationalen Koeffizienten \\(a_{\\varkappa \\lambda }\\). Verf. fragt nach den notwendigen und hinreichenden Bedingungen daf\u00fcr, da\u00df \\(f\\) sich als Quadratsumme von \\(n\\) Linearformen mit rationalen Koeffizienten, also in der Form  \\[ f=\\sum _{r=1}^n(b_{r1}x_1+b_{r2}x_2+\\cdots +b_{rN}x_N)^2\\quad (b_{r\\nu }\\text{ rational}) \\]  darstellen l\u00e4\u00dft.  1) Der Fall der bin\u00e4ren Form \\(f(x,y)=ax^2+2hxy+by^2\\) l\u00e4\u00dft sich vollst\u00e4ndig durchf\u00fchren. Man darf ohne Verlust der Allgemeinheit annehmen, da\u00df \\(a, h, b\\) ganz sind und da\u00df \\(d=(a,h,b)\\) quadratfrei ist. Eine notwendige Bedingung daf\u00fcr, da\u00df \\(f\\) sich als Quadratsumme darstellen l\u00e4\u00dft, ist nat\u00fcrlich  \\[ a\\ge 0,\\quad \\varDelta =ab-h^2\\ge 0. \\tag{1}  \\]  Man darf weiter annehmen, da\u00df \\(\\varDelta \\neq 0\\) ist; denn im Fall \\(\\varDelta =0\\) ist \\(f(x,y)=j(fx+gy)^2\\) (\\(j\\text{ ganz }> 0\\)) und \\(f\\) l\u00e4\u00dft sich dann und nur dann in der Form  \\[ f(x,y)=\\sum _{r=1}^n (a_rx+b_ry)^2\\quad (q_r,b_r\\text{ rational}) \\tag{2} \\]  darstellen, wenn \\(j\\) sich in der Form \\(j=a_1^2+\\cdots +a_n^2\\) (\\(a_r\\) rational) darstellen l\u00e4\u00dft, und das ist dann und nur dann der Fall, wenn eine Darstellung von \\(j\\) mit ganzen rationalen \\(a_r\\) existiert; die Theorie dieser Frage ist klassisch (vgl. z. B. \\textit{E. Landau} [Zahlentheorie. I. Leipzig: S. Hirzel (1927; JFM 53.0123.17), S. 97--125]). Es seien nun \\(P, Q\\) irgendwie so gew\u00e4hlt, da\u00df \\((P,Q)=1\\), \\(f(P,Q)=m\\) und \\((m_1,\\varDelta _1)=1\\) wo \\(m=m_1m_0^2\\), \\(\\varDelta =\\varDelta _1\\varDelta _0^2\\), \\(m_1\\) und \\(\\varDelta _1\\) quadratfrei (eine solche Wahl von \\(P, Q\\) ist stets m\u00f6glich). Unter der Bedingung (1) ist eine Darstellung (2) dann und nur dann m\u00f6glich:   I. Im Falle \\(n= 2\\), wenn \\(\\varDelta \\) ein vollst\u00e4ndiges Quadrat ist, und \\(d=(a,h,b)\\) keine Primfaktoren \\(\\equiv 3\\pmod 4\\) besitzt.   II. Im Falle \\(n = 3\\), wenn \\(-m_1\\) quadratischer Rest von \\(\\varDelta _1\\) und \\(-\\varDelta _1\\) quadratischer Rest von \\(m_1\\) ist.   III. Im Falle \\(n = 4\\), wenn \\(\\varDelta \\) nicht von der Form \\(4^\\varrho (8\\sigma +7)\\) ist, d. h. sich als Summe von drei Quadraten darstellen l\u00e4\u00dft.   Im Falle \\(n\\ge 5\\) ist eine Darstellung stets m\u00f6glich (\\textit{E. Landau}, Arch. Math. Phys. (3) 7, 271--277 (1904; JFM 35.0230.01)].   Der Beweis ist elementar; er benutzt die klassischen Resultate \u00fcber die Zerlegung ganzer Zahlen in Quadrate, ferner einige vom Verf. in seiner Arbeit: ``The condition for integer solutions of \\(ax^2+by^2+cz^2+dt^2=0\\)'' [J. Reine Angew. Math. 164, 40--49 (1931; JFM 57.0189.03)] hergeleiteten Resultate (vgl. auch Verf., Note on the Diophantine equation \\(ax^2+by^2+cz^2+dt^2=0\\) [Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 38, 277--282 (1932; JFM 58.1031.04)].  2) Im Falle einer positiv definiten quadratischen Form mit \\(N\\) Variablen beweist Verf., da\u00df stets eine Darstellung mit h\u00f6chstens \\(N+3\\) Quadraten m\u00f6glich ist.  3) Verf. fragt schlie\u00dflich, wann eine Darstellung (2) mit ganzen rationalen \\(a_r, b_r\\) m\u00f6glich ist. Im Falle \\(n = 2\\) gilt die Bedingung I. wie fr\u00fcher. Im Falle \\(h = 0\\) ist eine Darstellung mit sechs, im Falle \\(h\\ne 0\\) eine Darstellung mit acht Quadraten m\u00f6glich. Weitere Resultate finden sich in anderen Arbeiten des Verf. [Q. J. Math., Oxf. Ser. 1, 276--288 (1930; JFM 56.0883.06); J. Reine Angew. Math. 167, 12--19 (1932; JFM 58.0169.01)]; vgl. ferner \\textit{B. A. Venkov} [Math. Z. 33, 350--374 (1931; JFM 57.0194.02)].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$CE6CD576-2ED3-40AF-A429-C3884C4313D8","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"495845c8213cf842ac820948f1353b4cef3062a2","datavalue":{"value":"11E25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$22032BAA-0A85-4EDA-978F-6F37377F4245","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"aef402784c03ebfdea121798de8fd3621c429b07","datavalue":{"value":"11E16","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$07D11C1D-7403-43F4-ACDC-744C77BBD46E","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"fe68071240765e86bc39f8798a12ac3816315e1a","datavalue":{"value":"2549456","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$AA7DDE12-FA9F-45BA-81F6-4499388F08A5","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"95215afc2fc1c0d5588bec885e539e359bb442ba","datavalue":{"value":"representation of binary quadratic forms","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$1F3C4CA1-305B-4A44-AE44-CC1F56EF79C8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"74be9dd6b53ded44f260f212c849432ec775525e","datavalue":{"value":"sum of squares of linear forms","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$9F2A2700-4E67-4E2A-83A6-91BA8A1E6065","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$D1B13FA3-C138-4C2D-B6B5-CEA624FF068B","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"90e74a5ce8d8ce3d35fcca6f3939b9884fc9a73a","datavalue":{"value":"W2081204703","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$3DB1CB8B-D9CF-4C26-AAA9-486E1CD6BFBD","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"d5aba6d2654de4534ce2e8fd3524ed21302f7f52","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6481413,"id":"Q6481413"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q563548$07D9E2D8-FC04-417D-BB96-6E7169C9C50A","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"On the representation of a binary quadratic form as a sum of squares of linear forms.","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/On_the_representation_of_a_binary_quadratic_form_as_a_sum_of_squares_of_linear_forms."}}}}}