{"entities":{"Q574336":{"pageid":576103,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q574336","lastrevid":42589104,"modified":"2025-07-04T10:24:35Z","type":"item","id":"Q574336","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"An absolute partial differential calculus."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2558748"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q574336$4ABDF8D4-5833-4F48-894E-0BD68FFA65FB","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"2ffd5be5ff5644c80ed82fd56b246e1bae851cea","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"An absolute partial differential calculus.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q574336$D2720B11-1752-4895-B1B2-98CE5FFA5D03","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"17bb48c059ff4edd5a70b45482ad4ffaba19fa06","datavalue":{"value":"57.0979.01","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q574336$7101693C-1901-4C13-B1D5-6588B67A76F8","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"42ac86c00802525a7e6c88038b1a1ca11b3beb0b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":561287,"id":"Q561287"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q574336$5B5EBFF0-DB30-4848-B7E5-31A0C2606A06","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"2782e21ac780795c98d04852d4326ef8cdcf7a59","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":560091,"id":"Q560091"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q574336$6AD22F83-D615-4DE3-8770-41BFC344574C","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"e0130902a9dcdeca58c7452ef77c67f7d7741a88","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1931-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q574336$AEAAE47D-214E-421E-916B-752E4DA684CA","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"24b71778369b370104f95188add65a39f20f2570","datavalue":{"value":"\\(x^\\mu\\) und \\(\\bar x^i\\) seien zwei Reihen voneinander unabh\u00e4ngiger Ver\u00e4nderlichen (\\(\\mu=1,2,\\ldots,n\\); \\(i=1,2,\\ldots,m\\)), \\(T'^{\\mu(p)}, {}'T^{\\mu(p)}, {}'T'^{\\mu(p)}\\) je \\(mn\\) Funktionen von \\(x'^\\mu = f_\\mu(x^\\nu)\\) und \\(\\bar x^i\\) bzw. \\(x^\\mu\\) und \\(\\bar x'^i = \\varPhi_i(\\bar x^j)\\) bzw. \\(x'^\\mu\\) und \\(\\bar x'^\\mu\\). Dann nennt Verf. die Gr\u00f6\u00dfe \\(T^{\\mu(p)}\\) einen kontravarianten Doppelvektor in den Systemen \\(x^\\mu\\) und \\(\\bar x^i\\) mit den Transformationsgesetzen:  \\[ \\begin{aligned} &T'^{\\mu(p)} = \\dfrac{\\partial x'^\\mu}{\\partial x^\\alpha} T^{\\alpha(p)} \\qquad (p = 1,2,\\ldots,m),\\\\ &{}'T^{\\mu(p)} = \\dfrac{\\partial \\bar x'^p}{\\partial \\bar x^a} T^{\\mu(a)} \\qquad (\\mu =1,2,\\ldots,n),\\\\ &{}'T'^{\\mu(p)} = \\dfrac{\\partial x'^\\mu}{\\partial x^\\alpha} \\dfrac{\\partial \\bar x'^p}{\\partial \\bar x^a} T^{\\alpha(a)} \\quad (p = 1, 2,\\ldots,m; \\mu=1,2,\\ldots,n). \\end{aligned}  \\]  Allgemeiner werden so Doppeltensoren, spezieller wiederum Skalarvektoren und Skalartensoren mit entsprechenden Transformationsregeln definiert. Ebenso kann man auch Skalar\u00fcbertragungen bilden, z. B.  \\[ \\begin{aligned} &\\varGamma'^\\lambda_{\\mu\\nu} = \\dfrac{\\partial x'^\\lambda}{\\partial x^\\alpha} \\dfrac{\\partial x^\\beta}{\\partial x'^\\mu} \\dfrac{\\partial x^\\gamma}{\\partial x'^\\nu} \\varGamma^\\alpha_{\\beta\\gamma} + \\dfrac{\\partial x'^\\lambda}{\\partial x^\\alpha} \\dfrac{\\partial^2 x^\\alpha}{\\partial x'^\\mu\\partial x'^\\nu},\\\\ &{}'\\varGamma^\\lambda_{\\mu\\nu} = \\varGamma^\\lambda_{\\mu\\nu},\\;{}'\\varGamma'^\\lambda_{\\mu\\nu} = \\varGamma'^\\lambda_{\\mu\\nu} \\end{aligned}  \\]  als ``\\(x\\)-\u00dcbertragung und \\(\\bar x\\)-Skalar'', oder  \\[ \\begin{aligned} &L'^p_{qr} = L^p_{qr},\\\\ &{}'L^p_{qr} = \\dfrac{\\partial \\bar x'^p}{\\partial \\bar x^a} \\dfrac{\\partial \\bar x^b}{\\partial \\bar x'^q} \\dfrac{\\partial \\bar x^c}{\\partial \\bar x'^r} L_{bc}^a + \\dfrac{\\partial \\bar x'^p}{\\partial \\bar x^a} \\dfrac{\\partial^2 \\bar x^a}{\\partial \\bar x'^q\\partial\\bar x'^r},\\\\ &{}'L'^p_{qr} = {}'L^p_{qr} \\end{aligned}  \\]  als ``\\(x\\)-Skalar und \\(\\bar x\\)-\u00dcbertragung''. Daran schlie\u00dft sich der Kalk\u00fcl kovarianter Ableitungen bez\u00fcglich \\(\\varGamma^\\lambda_{\\mu\\nu}\\) bzw. \\(L^p_{qr}\\) sowie der von Skalarkr\u00fcmmungs- bzw. Skalartorsionstensoren. Dabei erweisen sich kovariante \\(x\\)-Ableitungen im allgemeinen als mit kovarianten \\(\\bar x\\)-Ableitungen nicht vertauschbar. Dem entwickelten Kalk\u00fcl l\u00e4\u00dft Verf. geometrische Betrachtungen folgen. So entspricht etwa f\u00fcr  \\[  ds^2 = g_{\\mu\\nu}dx^\\mu dx^\\nu, \\tag{A}  \\]   \\[  d\\bar s^2=g_{(pq)} dx^{(p)}dx^{(q)} \\tag{B}  \\]  jedem Punkte \\(\\bar x\\) eine Metrik (A) und umgekehrt jedem Punkt \\(x\\) eine solche (B). Auf diese Weise entsteht eine Zuordnung unendlich vieler \\textit{Riemann}scher R\u00e4ume. Andrerseits kann aber der entwickelte Kalk\u00fcl wiederum als Spezialfall eines solchen gew\u00f6hnlicher Art in \\(n + m\\) Variablen aufgefa\u00dft werden. Entsprechende Resultate ergibt die analoge Behandlung der \\textit{Christoffel}klammern, \\textit{Ricci}schen Drehungskoeffizienten usw. Zum Schlu\u00df erw\u00e4hnt Verf. noch weitere Verallgemeinerungen des Kalk\u00fcls auf mehr als zwei Reihen von Ver\u00e4nderlichen, Tripeltensoren usw. und verweist auf die Sonderrolle der Zeitkoordinate in der relativistischen Physik als ein Beispiel f\u00fcr einen Kalk\u00fcl in einer Reihe dreier Ver\u00e4nderlichen und einer zweiten aus einer einzigen bestehenden. 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