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The main results are in Theorem 1. These results include the following: (i) The set  \\[  Y=\\{y\\in E^ N: y_ i>\\sum^{N}_{t=1}M^ k_{it}y_ t,\\quad \\forall \\quad k\\in A(i),\\quad 1\\leq i\\leq N\\}  \\]  is nonempty, and \\(y>0\\), \\(\\forall\\) \\(y\\in Y\\). (ii) f is a contraction mapping with modulus \\(\\lambda\\) (y) for each norm \\(\\| u\\|_ y\\equiv \\max_{1\\leq i\\leq N}[| u_ i| /y_ i]\\), where  \\[  \\lambda (y)\\equiv \\max_{i,k}[\\Sigma_ tM^ k_{it}\\quad y_ t/y_ i]<1.  \\]  (iii) If \\(x\\in E^ N\\), \\(y\\in Y\\), then:  \\[ ^ y_ i\\min_{1\\leq j\\leq N}\\max_{k\\in A(j)}\\frac{P(j,k)}{Q(j,k)}\\leq x^*_ i-x_ i\\leq y_ i\\max_{1\\leq j\\leq N}\\max_{k\\in A(j)}\\frac{P(j,k)}{Q(j,k)},\\quad where  \\]   \\[  P(j,k)=a^ k_ j+\\sum^{N}_{t=1}M^ k_{jt}x_ t-x_ j\\quad and\\quad Q(j,k)=y_ j-\\sum^{N}_{t=1}M_{jt}y_ t.  \\]  The paper also introduces subgradient ideas. Thus y is a subgradient for f, if there exist numbers \\(\\{c_{ti}\\}\\), \\(0\\leq c_{ti}<1\\), for all t, i, such that for all w, \\(z\\in E^ N\\)  \\[  f(w+z)_ i\\leq f(w)_ i+c_{ti}y_ i\\max_{1\\leq k\\leq N}[z_ k/y_ k],\\quad 1\\leq i\\leq N  \\]  where \\(t=1\\) if \\(\\max_{k}[z_ k]\\geq 0\\), \\(t=2\\) if \\(\\max [z_ k]<0\\). The paper then shows that if \\(x\\in E^ N\\) \\(y_ i\\min_{1\\leq j\\leq N}\\min_{t=1,2}\\frac{R(j,t)}{S(j,t)}\\leq x^*_ i-x_ i\\leq y_ i\\max_{1\\leq j\\leq N}\\max_{t=1,2}\\frac{R(j,t)}{S(j,t)},\\) where  \\[  R(j,t)=f(x_ j)-x_ j\\quad and\\quad S(j,t)=y_ j(1-c_{tj}).  \\]  Special cases of \\(\\{c_{tj}\\}\\) exist in terms of \\(y\\in Y\\). The remainder of the paper gives some specializations, additional properties, some consideration of semi-Markov decision processes, and nonsymmetric bounds.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q579144$D7016856-D351-4117-BE7E-EAE31FC8BE65","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"377d3ab03372cff12915e0de0374438ff70c3716","datavalue":{"value":"90C40","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q579144$DD45BDF3-9249-4BF8-AEB4-111F1D3523A7","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"341fae403909ef6ebb6c5466c8010e205c0cf744","datavalue":{"value":"4014481","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q579144$6368C67F-6C15-4DCE-AC62-5FD0D5A99477","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"1ce378d4975cc8b31ea8d6f43e930b05abef2547","datavalue":{"value":"upper and lower variational 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