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Soit (*) \\(L=\\sum^{n}_{j=1}a_ j(x)\\partial /\\partial x_ j\\) et (**) \\(Lu+\\underset {.}  c u =f\\) avec \\(a_ j\\) et \\(c_ 0\\in C^{\\infty}({\\mathbb{R}}^ n)\\), \\({\\mathcal L}\\) l'alg\u00e8bre de Lie associ\u00e9 au champ de vecteurs (*) (on suppose que \\(\\sum | a_ j(x_ 0)|^ 2\\neq 0\\) pour un certain \\(x_ 0\\), fix\u00e9 dor\u00e9navant). On s'int\u00e9resse au P.C. non caract\u00e9ristique autour de \\(x_ 0\\), les donn\u00e9s de Cauchy \u00e9tant d\u00e9finies sur la surface \\(\\phi (x)=\\phi (x_ 0)\\), ou \\(\\phi \\in C^{\\infty}({\\mathbb R}^ n)\\). Les solutions consid\u00e9r\u00e9es sont de classe \\(C^ 1\\).    L'A montre d'abord que si sur \\(S_ 3=\\{x\\in {\\mathbb R}^ n: \\phi (x)=\\phi (x_ 0),\\,\\text{rang}\\,\\mathcal L(x)\\geq 3\\}\\) \\(\\phi\\) non caract\u00e9ristique, \\(x_ 0\\in \\bar S_ 3\\), alors en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral il n'y a pas d'unicit\u00e9. (Th. 1.1)   Si l'on impose que \\(x_ 0\\not\\in \\bar S_ 3\\) et que localement autour de \\(x_ 0\\) le champ \\(L\\) v\u00e9rifie l'une de deux conditions techniques: 1) (P) (condition de Nirenberg-Tr\u00e8ves), o\u00f9 2) (R) condition affirmant que pour tout point voisin de \\(x_ 0\\) passe une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9grale de \\({\\mathcal L}\\) alors il y a unicit\u00e9 (Th. 1.2).    Ces deux r\u00e9sultats g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisant l\u00e9g\u00e8rement (dans le cas d'ordre 1) des r\u00e9sultats de \\textit{S. Alinhac} [Ann. Math. (2) 117, 77--108 (1983; Zbl 0516.35018)], \\textit{L. Robbiano} [Th\u00e8se 3me cycle, Orsay (1983)], respectivement de \\textit{M. J. Strauss} et \\textit{F. Tr\u00e8ves} [J. Differ. Equations 15, 195--209 (1974; Zbl 0256.35011)]. Le Th. 1.2 est pr\u00e9cis, par ex. si la condition (R) est verifi\u00e9e seulement dans \\({\\mathring \\Omega}_+=\\{x\\in \\Omega\\); \\(\\phi (x)>\\phi (x_ 0)\\}\\), \\(\\Omega\\) \u00e9tant un voisinage, de \\(x_ 0\\), le th. 1.2 est faux (la condition (R) doit \u00eatre verifi\u00e9e dans \\(\\Omega\\) tout entier).    La d\u00e9monstration (en fait la construction d'une fonction \\(u\\) niant l'unicit\u00e9 du P.C.) est classique (v. par exemple Alinhac loc.cit.), \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, mais d\u00e9licate. L'expos\u00e9 qui y est excellent.    L'A passe ensuite \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude de techniques d'unicit\u00e9, essentiellement la m\u00e9thode de Carleman, on donne une d\u00e9monstration compl\u00e8te pour le cas elliptique; on donne aussi (lorsque \\(n=2)\\) une forme faible du th. 1.2.    Le ch. 4 est consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude d'un mod\u00e8le dans \\({\\mathbb R}^ 2\\) (donc \\(\\text{rg}\\,\\mathcal L\\leq 2)\\) qui fournit des contre-exemples pour \\(L\\) explicit\u00e9.    Un r\u00e9sultat nouveau est le th. 4.2, o\u00f9 la nouveaut\u00e9 r\u00e9side dans l'accomplissement des techniques de recollement, la partie d'optique g\u00e9om\u00e9trique \u00e9tant banale.    Le ch. 5 traite du probl\u00e8me caract\u00e9ristique; on donne un r\u00e9sultat d'unicit\u00e9 qui r\u00e9sulte d'un th\u00e9or\u00e8me (du \u00e0 Bony) sur la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie du support d'une solution; le r\u00e9sultat d'unicit\u00e9 contient comme cas particulier (ordre 1) le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de \\textit{L. H\u00f6rmander} [(th. 8.9.1) de ''Linear partial differential operators (1976; Zbl 0321.35001)] et garantit l'unicit\u00e9 dans des situations o\u00f9 la m\u00e9thode de Carleman ne fonctionne plus. L'A donne aussi une exemple de non unicit\u00e9, lorsque le rang de \\({\\mathcal L}\\) est constant. Enfin, au dernier chapitre on \u00e9tudie le role du terme d'ordre 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