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An analogous theory for second cohomology groups is developed for algebraic surfaces of geometric genus one over the complex numbers.    Definition. Let X and Y be algebraic surfaces over \\({\\mathbb{C}}.\\)    (a) A \\textit{cohomological isogeny} between X and Y is an isomorphism of rational Hodge structures \\(T(X,{\\mathbb{Q}})\\to T(Y,{\\mathbb{Q}})\\) where for any algebraic surface Z, \\(T(Z,{\\mathbb{Z}})=H^ 2(Z,{\\mathbb{Z}})/NS(Z)\\) denotes the transcendental lattice and \\(T(Z,{\\mathbb{Q}})=T(Z,{\\mathbb{Z}})\\otimes {\\mathbb{Q}}.\\)    (b) An \\textit{isogeny} between X and Y is an irreducible algebraic cycle such that \\([W]_{trans}: T(X,{\\mathbb{Q}})\\to T(Y,{\\mathbb{Q}})\\) is a cohomological isogeny.    (c) An isogeny or a cohomological isogeny is said to be \\textit{strict} if it maps the intersection form on T(X,\\({\\mathbb{Q}})\\) to the intersection form on T(Y,\\({\\mathbb{Q}})\\), and it is said to be \\textit{integral} if it is compatible with an isomorphism of integral Hodge structures T(X,\\({\\mathbb{Z}})\\to T(Y,{\\mathbb{Z}}).\\)    The main result of the paper gives the ``classification'' of algebraic surfaces of genus one up to isogeny: Theorem. Let X be an algebraic surface with geometric genus one. Then the following hold true: There exists an algebraic K3 surface Y and a strict integral cohomological isogeny between X and Y. Such a Y is called an associated K3 surface of X. (b) If the minimal model of X is neither a K3 surface nor a logarithmic transform of an elliptic K3 surface, then any two associated K3 surfaces of X are isomorphic. - The proof of the theorem rests on the analysis of bilinear forms on \\(T(X,{\\mathbb{Z}}).\\)    Combining the above theorem with a result of \\textit{Mukai} [``On the moduli space of bundles on K3 surfaces, I'', Proc. Symp. Vector Bundles (Tata Institute 1984)], the following corollary is obtained: Corollary. Let X be an algebraic surface with geometric genus one. Then the following hold true: (i) There is a unique strict integral isogeny class of associated K3 surfaces of X. (ii) If \\(Y_ 1\\) and \\(Y_ 2\\) are associated K3 surfaces of X and there exists a strict integral isogeny between X and \\(Y_ 1\\), then there exists a strict integral isogeny between X and \\(Y_ 2\\). In other words, if the isomorphism between second transcendental cohomology groups preserve both the intersection pairings and the integral Hodge structures, then most algebraic surfaces with geometric genus one have a unique associated K3 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