{"entities":{"Q583255":{"pageid":585022,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q583255","lastrevid":42593704,"modified":"2025-07-04T11:18:27Z","type":"item","id":"Q583255","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"On the two kinds of probability in algebra"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4132233"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$B617702E-3B16-4C19-829C-55088DE7226C","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"864e6c635bf599af9f472f1e5788fcee400b4a4b","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"On the two kinds of probability in algebra","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$A7CF0206-44FF-40E5-905D-ACDE92472B8C","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"2d5da3ee0d944ea10933e049b1e73b75e3473eb3","datavalue":{"value":"0692.08007","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$0D20D4A1-2573-4403-83D3-719CE359687F","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"0d26800bddbebedba89c340b0f55cca48ab89b73","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF01190254","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$A21A0F90-6030-4B45-9D4A-887CC10BD163","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"156053345438b67d13e36c962297ad522b12dc04","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":219075,"id":"Q219075"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$262A4B79-08DC-4D51-AA00-118E09C14670","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"8fa179c8715004e2374d4db0c3ce41b39558e95d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":178112,"id":"Q178112"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$76C63F2A-98FC-4ECB-B390-3C694FDE86C5","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"70d2fbf8bcd48a5ca1ac752985098b379d0dbb65","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1990-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$AC285C31-E602-4B49-BA28-D6FBBF66F8A6","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"d625f5490bea31b58f1fb340be36b48ea6426f93","datavalue":{"value":"A groupoid table on the set \\(\\{\\) 0,1,...,n-1\\(\\}\\) is an \\(n\\times n\\) matrix with entries from \\(\\{\\) 0,1,...,n-1\\(\\}\\). Let \\({\\mathcal T}_ n\\) be the set of groupoid tables on the set \\(\\{\\) 0,1,...,n-1\\(\\}\\). If P is a groupoid property, we define the probability of P by  \\[  \\Pr (P;{\\mathcal T})=\\lim_{n\\to \\infty}\\Pr (P;{\\mathcal T}_ n)  \\]  where  \\[  \\Pr (P;{\\mathcal T}_ n)=| \\{{\\mathbb{T}}\\in {\\mathcal T}_ n:\\quad {\\mathbb{T}}\\vDash P\\}| /n^{n^ 2}.  \\]  Of course, any given groupoid may be represented by many tables, so a more natural definition of probability would seem to be one which took account of this. More precisely, let \\({\\mathcal K}\\) be any infinite set of finite algebras such that \\({\\mathcal K}_ n\\) (the set of n- element mumbers of \\({\\mathcal K})\\) is finite. Then the probability of a property P in \\({\\mathcal K}\\) is defined to be  \\[  \\Pr (P;{\\mathcal K})=\\lim_{n\\to \\infty}\\Pr (P;{\\mathcal K}_ n)  \\]  where  \\[  \\Pr (P;{\\mathcal K}_ n)=| \\{{\\mathbb{A}}\\in {\\mathcal K}_ n:\\quad {\\mathbb{A}}\\vDash P\\}| /| {\\mathcal K}_ n| \\]  and the limit is taken over those n for which \\({\\mathcal K}_ n\\neq \\emptyset.\\)    These probability concepts which, in analogy with graph theory, we might describe as labelled and unlabelled, can be generalized to any finite similarity type, \\(\\tau\\). The interesting main result of this paper is that if \\(\\tau\\) has an operation of arity at least 2, or has at least three unary operations, then these probabilities coincide. An example is given to show that these probabilities can differ for 2-unary algebras.    \\textit{J. F. Lynch} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 287, 543-568 (1985; Zbl 0526.03012)] has shown that, for unary algebras, the labelled probability of any property expressible in first order logic must exist, while \\textit{K. J. Compton}, \\textit{C. W. Henson} and \\textit{S. Shelah} [Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 36, 207-224 (1987; Zbl 0632.03037)] have given an example showing that this is not the case for algebras with a binary operation. The results of this paper show that the same is true for unlabelled probability, provided that, in the unary case, there are at least three operations.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$DF7D033A-D461-4614-BC64-FF9EA62655D4","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6ed618702b057009a2070ae378cd09839bebae6c","datavalue":{"value":"08A99","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$88F56E2C-EC82-45B7-8C48-58B93B363DD9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"8948c34e793e5195a8bf306d0e010b3472404866","datavalue":{"value":"08A35","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$E47E2A26-F756-48F0-8A56-268498C9515C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d68cc4155d2917dd1c4226f85d9cb66872255c31","datavalue":{"value":"60B99","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$B6CD4974-F25C-4159-ABF7-81D3A4E66D56","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"0cbe5eb531288f963b6273c88b2c8f49789c1d35","datavalue":{"value":"4132233","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$35C06FEA-D4B6-4B20-8DEF-B457E8032646","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"8e770579d42c51a7686c63bebf8a557f5ddec5dc","datavalue":{"value":"probability of a groupoid property","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$03A26D68-93D4-4971-A8F7-21ECEA8A336A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6a300687f5814b8db84ac20ea2bf2b6866ee253d","datavalue":{"value":"groupoid table","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$5430AC73-067D-408F-9145-2DAA762E14B7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"d6108e92aed8af725300ff12657ed0bf30a9fd71","datavalue":{"value":"finite similarity type","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$4EB3ABA8-BA1B-49D5-96DB-2BB4D6990BF0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6f4ef2fcd8c59dd0396808ffaa80fa9bb01391ea","datavalue":{"value":"2-unary algebras","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$415DC9C2-0AEB-4BA0-8FAE-8D62F5B05A2B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"880b35cc83ede38364911d3ee275ba08e6beec9d","datavalue":{"value":"labelled probability","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$4FA5D658-B7AE-40EF-B4DC-AD3570A8DB31","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"461d0927655783c1205b93d816f4b249c1e7d239","datavalue":{"value":"unlabelled probability","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$57E26727-500E-4C17-BCD4-91CD5500D9DB","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"f8414a3f118214cb0e61ac619ce4c188ec75d9e3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":587989,"id":"Q587989"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$B97BACB0-695B-4403-8374-4D51C1FFE101","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$A3D9FDB2-F403-4A4C-A677-0A46B38277FE","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f823da39882c760e5cb7d4936cb8c91476279cc0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1095135,"id":"Q1095135"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$CCF86D6E-3433-46E8-BD38-8FC71DB55E5C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1a740b6e9e652b2fb5fe827ec941309ed6af62f7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4108321,"id":"Q4108321"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$13BDD628-124A-4693-B586-5701D80EA732","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cf4429f87b5e346525ac184c31875e98880c66c0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1250814,"id":"Q1250814"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$CACDEB71-012E-4A90-9772-D042DBC51FC1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3d5579454dc4831b27a231ccf56981a6051e1b07","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3041164,"id":"Q3041164"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$3C0E6C16-43E9-41FA-97F1-9C46D6D57E18","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f2ca6ab8333b9c64b142fdbd4be0ad3bbcbb4038","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3770587,"id":"Q3770587"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$8A27E966-84E2-4B5A-94BE-5BB17D825008","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"18172e9af6b821b44c5daf17d6c84741627f8348","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2645775,"id":"Q2645775"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$07669AAB-8361-4901-AFA5-069F6AC9CF00","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"4f4e0852c9ff290df46180d59811921e5b7fc297","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01190254","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$725A82A2-98D5-40F3-BD0F-4677A45982C1","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"659bdf12fd482b75f37509f6a537d20147145f82","datavalue":{"value":"W2056168859","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583255$AD2C46EC-5053-406D-8050-D23E0A709651","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4331779c708db19015860b4d33421d792294aa94","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5896206,"id":"Q5896206"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f859e2dfb56945412723ccacaec85a1ea48f6f49","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.70563644","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$37FFC490-DF00-46AE-8D8F-AF25F9702B14","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"89746b9db5210e55e8ee988c5a6473c99bc4ea1c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4483667,"id":"Q4483667"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"312e6099dd0a68ad0f37b3fc9646c88c1c9c0a1d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.70014286","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$E8ACEF17-11E6-46A9-AD0B-D5298916CDAA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"0ab491ca4aa636f2cd26aa28b137cb1e84e9a005","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3127255,"id":"Q3127255"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2fa0b856e6adcbd367048323076e5a90c30a2b28","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6944186","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$8455761B-DDBC-4ADD-8B31-C2799B103B2C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5b606dab9a1d2b7f0a71132fd10b13c3545ed8de","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2243771,"id":"Q2243771"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"efefe776436cfc03251daf16c33c11b007765d4f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.69023854","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$4D42BD3A-FA1E-4F8A-AE93-FCE0B5DB110E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d0e546953ade682a044fd08576c85609dd3beff9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5308748,"id":"Q5308748"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"84bddd1db75d01ff2ca02a9b34acb572db421103","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.68580663","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$F4D1F12F-252C-479F-ACEE-2AA9F9ED6946","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"05dc9b9f38a32c3d45fbd103bfbb180c25538b7f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2638642,"id":"Q2638642"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e5326d331ae58c7fd99b138fe72e2dc081539e43","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6798667","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$A41D2AAC-832D-4A52-B744-80CF92126EDC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"aacc470ba3ee7ff28d2801238c201fb51b896271","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3764939,"id":"Q3764939"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d7dbc585664d9477ccc7a0357fdffadc168da4d0","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6741199","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$04B8BB2B-2ACB-4806-BEF6-CEA810B9CFBD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"82141f3afe34865230f7a7696cc5c26fdd9e066a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4697808,"id":"Q4697808"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"54dbcb36ea7c22e2dc50c16f2e60310afa0c154c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6699119","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$7D6BF9DF-1AA1-48B1-B5E7-662F9E6C0435","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"95aae4ce1994801bd15cd7891571fa145fd60e05","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5920493,"id":"Q5920493"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b472181c63a3ce4cdfb2cef30786ea9dba52fab6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6565007","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583255$4FD031C8-759C-4519-B658-81C072416388","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:583255","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:583255"}}}}}