{"entities":{"Q583655":{"pageid":585422,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q583655","lastrevid":62943330,"modified":"2026-04-11T09:07:55Z","type":"item","id":"Q583655","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Spheres with continuous tangent planes"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4133122"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$D22ECF7D-368E-4B9A-AF49-C6A284F4A9B2","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"a4fd85a013add706486aec31240274d2f5670c16","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Spheres with continuous tangent planes","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$43D2A772-8C27-4330-99EF-6632AAFA42C3","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"8a4bb71cd8177178d43a8cc4f0daf22f3f4aa305","datavalue":{"value":"0692.57003","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$EF772333-84AE-4A37-8D29-9A5944EC8EBF","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"7a591978912453c0fc007dfdeda3ff11aa0a11b1","datavalue":{"value":"10.1216/RMJ-1987-17-4-829","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$ADF8E441-88B4-454A-81C6-03106DFBD11A","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"5d5c778d8cab29098a569f8f9ea0860cdff6e5f9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":583654,"id":"Q583654"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$0D15985D-1C4C-4EFC-8AA1-1E5FE12731DD","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"3c56016573ce7bfe3075a77ec18be101169a3439","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":168778,"id":"Q168778"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$0B78DB5E-00F2-4252-8735-0F9E11B077D2","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"5ae48c61eed19d1e1e1f33f9255d5b329362d064","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1987-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$DC674506-E4D6-4E5D-9EDD-BAED1693237C","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"b02825d76cc20e97c026683cfcb9f80ca81926ce","datavalue":{"value":"\\textit{C. E. Burgess} [Spheres with a continuous family of tangent planes: A negative answer to Problem 12, in: The Scottish book. Mathematics from the Scottish Caf\u00e9, 76-81 (1981; Zbl 0485.01013)] solved Problem 12 in The Scottish Book by exhibiting a wild 2-sphere in \\(E^ 3\\) having a continuous family of tangent planes. The wildness of the spheres described by Burgess [loc. cit.] occurs at points of the 2-sphere \\(\\Sigma\\) that belong to its rim. The rim R of \\(\\Sigma\\) is the set of all points q of \\(\\Sigma\\) where the normal to some tangent plane to \\(\\Sigma\\) at q fails to pierce \\(\\Sigma\\) at q. In Burgess' paper [loc. cit.] the rim of \\(\\Sigma\\) is a simple closed curve containing the single wild point of \\(\\Sigma\\). The original motivation for this paper came from a desire to better understand the rim of \\(\\Sigma\\) and its relation to the wild set. A point q of a 2-sphere \\(\\Sigma\\) in \\(E^ 3\\) is said to belong to the wild set W of \\(\\Sigma\\) if there is no 2-cell K in \\(\\Sigma\\) such that q lies in Int K and K lies on a tame 2-sphere in \\(E^ 3\\). Example 4.2 describes a 2-sphere \\(\\Sigma\\) in \\(E^ 3\\) with a continuous family of tangent planes, a 1-dimensional wild set, and a rim that is the union of a countable sequence of disjoint simple closed curves. The close connection between the existence of a tangent plane to \\(\\Sigma\\) at q and the existence of a double cone touching \\(\\Sigma\\) only at its vertex q is explored in the next section where these concepts, when properly stated, are shown to be equivalent. An analysis of the nature of the rim R of \\(\\Sigma\\) when \\(\\Sigma\\) has a family F of tangent planes is given in {\\S} 3. Although the wild set W of a 2-sphere \\(\\Sigma\\) with tangent planes must lie in the closure of R (Theorem 4.1), it need not lie in R. From the results of {\\S} 2 and {\\S} 3 it follows that W has dimension less than two when \\(\\Sigma\\) has a continuous family F of tangent planes (Theorem 4.3). Furthermore, the set Q of all points of W that are components of W must be dense in W according to Theorem 4.5. This means W cannot be a connected set when F is continuous and W is nondegenerate.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$4D317864-F9FA-4FAB-B779-4D54CD2CAF0D","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"da5138d4f1c5e3df64e2b5d5790044e172616fe2","datavalue":{"value":"57M30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$AB049B27-CC69-4602-8596-C73DB9CF185E","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"e6de4df4fb0b434000c631f65b7d85dfed3d9050","datavalue":{"value":"4133122","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$DB11D71D-3993-478D-ABFC-AB67B70143E5","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a4e8972d92194d6fb76f7ac6d1073f8b3fd48dce","datavalue":{"value":"rim of wildly embedded 2-spheres","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$FE6CACA1-85B7-4960-BE09-DFCA0DFF9FE4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"43a9026e40750ba1d3a5480593518ab079edcd6c","datavalue":{"value":"piercing","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$3FF6D22C-7B75-4EDE-BCE2-F6828E9C3305","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"360e57687858b0846b2865449eef8fe6e8de31f0","datavalue":{"value":"wild set","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$AD3E4F32-BE09-4B56-AE52-FE5EA45B2E36","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b3ed4aef681597f09e1689721c513577c11040e7","datavalue":{"value":"existence of a tangent plane","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$B1AC535B-21AB-4A84-B957-6EE16D13ED2F","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$482B1006-4063-4617-9288-3517795E9D2E","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"14dc926e0a3a16387f8291c7a70981fc7b3debbd","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1216/rmj-1987-17-4-829","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$CE72369C-91E2-4064-9C52-646A140D8B99","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"04729d9ded65fe9667341e0a0287652c6a62175f","datavalue":{"value":"W1988494611","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q583655$10F65099-F8AE-4E84-A42D-8D7CA563098F","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"660a3edd942127e431bbb30361fa41c59d53562f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1094705,"id":"Q1094705"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e91203301a42b85b7c0fb3158dd1c98f984c6cf2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8063117861747742","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583655$E46EE395-22CA-41CD-8190-13146FF9412E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"cab2db0491715a676d7533994d3ca8cff26eeb9d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3482458,"id":"Q3482458"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"992396f1e3c9cc0f2f96e998103a871c63f2601f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7388021945953369","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583655$EE46336B-FC1C-448C-85F7-D9422E2ECF5A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"29fd076b91522f64bd30f81bc22e7caeab45a0e9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3828677,"id":"Q3828677"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9827033e37037e8099b14f4e252d81022d33cdaa","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7128259539604187","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583655$10BF6450-961B-44D5-8241-BD5C77CE767C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ba3a56cb31cc3bd8124ccde2ada061715857146a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1086885,"id":"Q1086885"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6e500111c55d7d2530103b87f27aebfe4f61256f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.709998607635498","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583655$7D6457B2-7DAD-4235-A1CC-8CE52F209FCD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"307524ea54fcef27129dcf7c7b1fd653d3b916a9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2911741,"id":"Q2911741"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"333e8df5b9f3b78e5684c89a62d5cf3004fb534d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7024561762809753","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q583655$7EDE2D8A-4D71-4E31-B1DB-92D6872D7AEF","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Spheres with continuous tangent planes","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Spheres_with_continuous_tangent_planes"}}}}}