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It is an interesting general problem to find which classes can be represented by smoothly embedded spheres. This question was discussed by \\textit{M. A. Kervaire} and \\textit{J. W. Milnor} [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 47, 1651-1657 (1961; Zbl 0107.403)]; more recently \\textit{K. Kuga} [Topology 23, 133-137 (1984; Zbl 0551.57019)] and \\textit{R. Fintushel} and \\textit{R. J. Stern} [Ann. Math., II. Ser. 122, 335-364 (1985; Zbl 0602.57013)] have brought results on smooth 4- manifolds, proved using Yang-Mills theory, to bear on the problem.    In this paper the author considers homology classes in connected sums: Two main techniques are applied:    (1) If \\(S\\subset M\\) is an embedded 2-sphere the quotient space M/S is an orbifold, provided that S has no-zero self-intersection number. Results of Fintushel and Stern can be applied to such orbifolds.    (2) If S has self-intersection \\(\\pm 1\\), and is in addition a characteristic surface (Poincar\u00e9 dual to \\(w_ 2(M))\\) the quotient is a smooth, compact spin manifold, of the kind considered by the reviewer [J. Differ. Geom. 24, 275-341 (1986)].    A sample of the results in the paper: Theorem 1. A class (a,b) in \\(H_ 2(M(1,1))\\) is represented by an embedded sphere iff: \\(| | a| -| b| | \\leq 1\\) or \\((a,b)=\\pm (0,2)\\) or \\(\\pm (2,0)\\) or \\(\\pm (1,-1)\\). Theorem 2. A characteristic homology class x in \\(H_ 2(M(1,2))\\) is represented by an embedded sphere iff \\(x^ 2=-1.\\)    The author also gives results on the normal classes of embedded projective 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